The Bucks Would Be In Big Trouble Without Brook Lopez
Aaron Gash / AP Photo
Aaron Gash / AP Photo
When two-time MVP Giannis Antetokounmpo tumbled to the court in the first quarter of the Milwaukee Bucks’ series-opening loss against the Miami Heat, the No. 1 seed in the Eastern Conference knew it would need to rally around the rest of its core.
“Everyone’s ready,” said center Brook Lopez of the challenge. And as it turned out, Lopez was the one leading the charge — as has often secretly been the case for Antetokounmpo’s slightly taller (and mostly overlooked) teammate.
Thanks to Lopez’s efforts, the Bucks responded decisively in Game 2, demolishing Miami in a 138-122 victory. The 7-footer scored a game-high 25 points on 12-for-17 shooting, delivering a jolt of offense Milwaukee might have worried would be missing without its superstar. And on the other end of the floor, Lopez easily led all defenders by contesting 19 shots, while as the primary defender he held Bam Adebayo to 8 points on 4-for-10 shooting. The win may have helped stabilize the series for the Bucks, who now have a 64 percent chance of advancing to the second round even after accounting for Antetokounmpo’s unclear status going forward.
Anchoring a team at both ends, and especially on defense, is nothing new for Lopez. But sometimes a player like him is best appreciated in absentia, which happened when Lopez missed nearly the entire 2021-22 regular season after he underwent back surgery in December 2021. To that point — and with a healthy Lopez available for coach Mike Budenholzer — Milwaukee had led the NBA in defensive rating twice in three years.1 But with Lopez limited to 13 regular-season games, the Bucks fell back to No. 14 in defensive rating and were eliminated by the Boston Celtics in the second round of the 2022 NBA playoffs.2
Milwaukee fashioned a top-five defense this season in part due to the return of Lopez, who appeared in 78 games, led the league in blocked shots (193) and finished second in Defensive Player of the Year voting. “Whatever happens, if someone comes at the rim, I’m going to try to be there to stop them from putting the ball in the basket,” Lopez said. “That’s a pretty simple answer, I guess.”
To turn away a shot, a defender must first make the choice to contest it. Nobody made that split-second decision this season more than Lopez (17.5 per game, 45 percent more challenges than any other player), who led the league in contested shots by an appreciable margin.3
All told, Lopez contested 526 more shots inside the arc than any other NBA player — and 400 more than the combined output of the most recent Heat starting lineup Lopez and the Bucks squared off against in the first round of the playoffs. And not all of his contested shots were at the rim. Lopez also contested 135 3-pointers, more than perimeter-centric defenders like Russell Westbrook (133), Tyrese Haliburton (125) and Devin Booker (115). Overall, opposing shooters saw their percentage drop by nearly 5 percentage points when Lopez served as the primary defender.
This effort matters to Milwaukee’s bottom line, of course. Without Lopez on the court, the Bucks allow 113.0 points per 100 possessions, or the equivalent of the 10th-best defense in the league. When Lopez plays, Milwaukee opponents score just 106.6, which would be the league’s best defense by a huge margin of 3.3 points per 100 possessions.
The Bucks have asked more of Lopez than just his defense. They also needed help on offense. Most championship teams over the past decade were near the top 10 in both offensive and defensive rating. Milwaukee’s offense finished the regular season ranked No. 15, and in absolute terms that left their efficiency closer to No. 22 than to No. 10. While the Bucks’ offense has performed at the sixth-best rate in the league since the All-Star Break, much still depends on the health of Khris Middleton, who has played in just 33 games this season and is currently nursing a knee injury (which didn’t prevent him from playing in Games 1 and 2, but threatened to).
Middleton was the second-leading scorer and fourth-quarter closer on the Bucks’ 2021 championship team, and even though his scoring has dipped this season, he still contributes 15 points per game for an at-times stagnant offense. With him in and out of the lineup, Lopez’s scoring (15.9 per game) ended up the highest it had been since the 2016-17 season, and he shot a career-best 37.4 percent from beyond the arc on a diet of 3-point attempts nearly double his career average. In total, Lopez’s true shooting percentage of 63.0 percent represented the most efficient shooting season of his career.
A career-best output is hardly the expectation for a 15-year pro with more than 30,000 career minutes played. Lopez turned 35 earlier this month and finished fourth in block rate (6.7 percent). The three players ranked ahead of him4 have played a combined 10 NBA seasons and are each at least 11 years younger. That a breakout season from a veteran on the oldest roster in the league might swing this year’s NBA title race is an odd reality. But it was one that was on clear display when the Bucks needed someone to pick up the slack in Antetokounmpo’s absence and help turn a series around.
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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Randall Benton / AP Photo
The NBA playoffs come with an intensified microscope on everyone, referees maybe most of all.
Typically an afterthought (with some exceptions) during the regular season, NBA officials tend to be thrust into the limelight in the spring. Seemingly every postseason comes with a new incident or think piece on the sad state of NBA officiating. Fans learn the names of refs they’d barely registered the existence of until recently.
Most of this is innocent enough. NBA officials don’t mind the “heel” role they’re destined to play on social media or the inevitable boos when a home crowd feels wronged. Hell, some might even say acting irrationally about officials is part of being a sports fan(atic). But sometimes these conversations become more serious — such as when prominent players publicly raise issues about player-ref relationships and the quality of league officiating.
When that happens, several major misconceptions tend to seep in, and they’re worth unpacking as the most intense part of the season kicks into gear.
Myth No. 1: “Refs should be perfect!”
High-level basketball is impossible to officiate perfectly. It’s a far more dynamic game than, say, baseball, where nearly every decision is black-and-white in nature — there’s more subjectivity and gray area than any other major sport.
Even casual fans are likely aware of this, but may not grasp the basic arithmetic at play.
A typical NBA game features 500 to 550 material calls (or non-calls) made by the officiating crew, per sources within the NBA’s referee grading program.5 And while the league has shied away from touting raw accuracy percentages — i.e., the share of possible calls that refs got right in the moment, according to the letter of the rulebook — in recent years, those numbers hovered between 92 and 95 percent in the past, when that approach was more common. If a crew hits that 95 percent mark in a game with 500 decisions required, that still leaves 25 expected “misses.”
And some of those 25 will invariably occur at more important moments than others. “You can’t miss a call in that spot” is a common refrain from frustrated parties, but think about it for a moment: If officials could simply will themselves into never missing in high-leverage spots, wouldn’t they just do that for all situations instead?
None of this makes missed calls — especially the more obvious-looking ones — any less frustrating when they happen during a key sequence of a tense playoff contest. No one likes their team being disadvantaged by factors outside players’ control.
Broadly, though, accepting that misses are part of the game makes handling their inevitable occurrence a bit easier.
Myth No. 2: “Refs aren’t held accountable for errors!”
This one is a straight-up falsehood, sadly perpetuated by some media members in addition to casual fans.6
The reality: NBA refs are graded on every single decision by third-party evaluators. Those grades, as I also reported on last season, are a major factor in who gets promotions to crew chief roles, salary increases and playoff assignments (which carry further financial bonuses). Refs are sometimes fined for misapplication of rules; those who consistently fall below league standards are dismissed.
Some feel this accountability should be more public in nature, which is a fair position — though one with some nuance involved.7 Internally, though, tying financial outcomes directly to performance is about as good an example of accountability as one can find.
Myth No. 3: “The NBA assigned (insert ref name — usually Scott Foster) to a game on purpose to lengthen the series!”
Likely the most common implication among the NBA’s tinfoil-hat-wearers is this one: That in response to a couple of early blowouts in a series, the league will assign one of its “fixers” to guarantee the underdog a victory and, therefore, secure extra games and increased revenue.
A bit of logistics, per multiple league sources: Officiating crews are pre-assigned for Games 1 through 4 of every NBA playoff series ahead of time, in part to avoid criticisms just like this. Refs also are paid by the playoff round they reach,8 rather than by the game — so even if an official calls only one game in a given round, they receive the full bonus for that round. Again, this is so there’s zero incentive, conscious or subconscious, for a ref to do anything but call a game straight.
True conspiracy theorists are perhaps undeterred by this news; because the league is forced to assign refs on a game-by-game basis later in a series, they could still dictate outcomes!
But at the risk of giving this nonsense more attention than it deserves, the idea that a profitable and public sports entity would risk its entire legitimacy and a league-altering scandal for a few extra million here or there through any means9 is, frankly, laughable from a risk-reward standpoint. It’s especially so with Tim Donaghy’s rogue game-fixing incident, which current and former ref ops staff have worked very hard to recover from, not even two decades in the past. If the people running the league were this dumb, they’d have been caught years ago.
Let’s move on.
Myth No. 4: “(Team X) shot way more free throws than (Team Y) in that game — surely there’s something afoot!”
Quite the opposite, in fact.
Well over a decade ago, NBA officiating leadership moved away from the “game management” approach — that is, the idea that the rules are flexible depending on game situation or any other factor beyond whether or not an infraction took place. But there are many examples of misconceptions influenced by this thinking that still hang over the sport: That star players should be officiated differently purely based on status, not on merit; that certain calls should be whistled early in a game, but not if it’s close down the stretch; that a ref “owes” a team a call if the last several went against them; etc. Each is its own slippery slope toward bias and unfairness, and this myth is among their ilk.
In truth, call discrepancies mean refs are doing the job the right way. Some players and teams foul more than others! That should often be reflected in foul and free-throw totals.
The NBA’s officiating program, and its individual referees, are far from perfect. Legitimate critiques are an important part of improvement — but they’re tougher to discuss earnestly when faulty presumptions cloud the conversation.
But hey, if booing officials is your thing, boo away! They’ll live.
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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Mitchell Leff / Getty Images
The Brooklyn Nets dropped both Games 1 and 2 of their series with the Philadelphia 76ers on the road, and they face a tough climb to come back and make this a competitive series — let alone advance to the second round. The Nets were heavy underdogs coming into the matchup, so their 2-0 deficit is not all that surprising. But one bright spot for Brooklyn is that, despite his team losing both games, Nets wing Mikal Bridges has showcased the holistic development of his game, carrying over to the postseason much of what he did upon arriving in Brooklyn in the Kevin Durant trade.
If you’ve been paying attention to the NBA over the past few months, you have almost surely heard all about Bridges’s explosion in volume, but the numbers are wild enough that they need to be repeated.
After setting a career high with a 15 percent usage rate last season with Phoenix, Bridges saw that figure rise to 19.2 percent during his 56 games with the Suns prior to the trade (and to 24.6 percent across his final 12 games as a Sun), but it exploded to 30.3 percent with the Nets. Prior to this season, Bridges had actually never attempted more than 18 shots in a single game.10 Across his 27 regular-season games with Brooklyn, Bridges averaged 18.6 field-goal attempts per game.
Even more impressive than the added volume, though, was Bridges’s apparent ability to handle it while maintaining his strong efficiency. Among the 57 non-rookies during the 3-point era11 who have attempted at least 18 shots a night in their first 27 games with a new team, Bridges’s 60.7 true shooting percentage was tied for the third-best mark. And among the top-10 such players, only Adrian Dantley in his first season with the Utah Jazz had made a larger jump in field-goal attempts per game from his previous team to his new one. The others had mostly already proved they could handle the higher volume.
Highest true shooting percentages among non-rookies who attempted at least 18 shots per game in their first 27 games with a new team, 1980-present
| Rank | Player | Team | Season | TS% | FGA/Gm | Prev FGA/Gm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Adrian Dantley | UTA | 1980 | .656 | 19.3 | 12.2 |
| 2 | Donovan Mitchell | CLE | 2023 | .640 | 20.7 | 20.5 |
| 3 | LeBron James | LAL | 2019 | .607 | 20.0 | 19.3 |
| 4 | Mikal Bridges | BKN | 2023 | .607 | 18.6 | 13.6 |
| 5 | Kawhi Leonard* | TOR | 2019 | .606 | 19.0 | 17.7 |
| 6 | Kyrie Irving | BKN | 2020 | .603 | 20.6 | 18.5 |
| 7 | Anthony Davis | LAL | 2020 | .597 | 19.5 | 18.3 |
| 8 | Brandon Ingram | NOP | 2020 | .596 | 18.4 | 14.0 |
| 9 | DeMar DeRozan | CHI | 2022 | .592 | 19.2 | 15.1 |
| 10 | Amar’e Stoudemire | NYK | 2011 | .591 | 19.0 | 15.4 |
Incredibly, just about all of Bridges’s added volume came in the form of self-created shot attempts.
During his time in Phoenix, Bridges was rarely tasked with creating for himself. Being that he played on the same team as Chris Paul and Devin Booker, plus a former No. 1 overall pick in Deandre Ayton, and that he was never a high-volume player even in college at Villanova, it made sense that Bridges was largely asked to be a play-finisher during his time with the Suns. That began to change during the span where Booker and Paul missed time with injuries this season, but even that doesn’t compare to the work he was tasked with upon arriving in Brooklyn — the first stretch of his career in which fewer than half of his shots came off of a potential assist (according to Second Spectrum).
Rates of assisted and unassisted field-goal attempts and self-created shooting fouls (SCSF) per game for Mikal Bridges by season of his NBA career
| Year | Team | Assisted* | Unassisted | Total | % Assisted* | SCSF/Gm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | PHX | 5.0 | 1.9 | 6.9 | 72.7% | 0.29 |
| 2020 | PHX | 4.9 | 1.7 | 6.6 | 73.6 | 0.19 |
| 2021 | PHX | 6.9 | 2.4 | 9.3 | 74.7 | 0.25 |
| 2022 | PHX | 7.3 | 3.2 | 10.5 | 69.2 | 0.54 |
| 2023 | PHX | 7.4 | 6.2 | 13.6 | 54.5 | 0.86 |
| 2023 | BKN | 7.5 | 11.1 | 18.6 | 40.2 | 2.33 |
As you can see, Bridges averaged almost exactly the same number of assisted (or potentially assisted) field-goal attempts per game in Brooklyn as he did in Phoenix earlier this season, and in each of the previous two. What changed was the volume of unassisted field-goal attempts, which accounted for 4.9 of the additional 5 shots per game he attempted as a Net. And it wasn’t just the shots — Bridges’s creation responsibility extended to the ability to get himself to the free-throw line. During the 2020-21 and 2021-22 seasons combined, Bridges drew 62 self-created shooting fouls,12 according to Second Spectrum. In just 27 regular-season games with Brooklyn, he drew 63 such shooting fouls. As a result, Bridges’s free-throw rate exploded, and the rates at which he used possessions and drew fouls were in line with those achieved exclusively by star scorers in recent seasons.
With the ball in his hands more often, Bridges has thrived as a creator. His pick-and-roll volume had already spiked early this season in Phoenix, then it more than doubled upon his arrival in Brooklyn. Still, when either he or a teammate one pass away finished the play (with a shot, turnover or foul drawn), Bridges maintained sterling efficiency. His isolation volume had already more than doubled in Phoenix, and it more than tripled again when he got to the Nets. Yet he achieved a level of efficiency on par with players such as Jalen Brunson and Trae Young.
Volume and efficiency for Mikal Bridges on direct* pick and rolls and isolation plays by season of his NBA career
| Year | Team | Per 100 | Pts/Direct | Per 100 | Pts/Direct |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | PHX | 3.5 | 0.84 | 0.4 | 0.65 |
| 2020 | PHX | 1.7 | 0.78 | 0.4 | 0.92 |
| 2021 | PHX | 1.9 | 0.77 | 0.7 | 1.04 |
| 2022 | PHX | 2.5 | 0.95 | 0.8 | 1.05 |
| 2023 | PHX | 9.5 | 1.09 | 1.7 | 0.96 |
| 2023 | BKN | 19.2 | 1.01 | 5.8 | 1.08 |
Bridges is still developing his repertoire as a passer. His assists per game actually dipped a bit in Brooklyn from where it was in Phoenix earlier this season, although that figure on its own is at least somewhat misleading. The shots he created for his Brooklyn teammates, according to Second Spectrum, were the highest-value looks he’s created in his career to date. They carried an expected effective field-goal percentage of 53.0; his fellow Nets just missed a lot of the same shots his Suns teammates had made.13 Playmaking development can often be the last thing to come along when a player scales up his usage (and some big scorers just never actually become high-level creators for others), so it’s promising that Bridges has shown the ability to create quality shots for his teammates, even if not necessarily at all that high a volume just yet.
Beyond all of this, though, perhaps the best sign regarding Bridges’s evolution is that he leveled up like this while (a) being guarded by better defenders; and (b) maintaining his defensive role against opposing teams’ best (or second-best) offensive players.
“He’s probably going to be guarded by the No. 1 or No. 2 defender,” Nets coach Jacque Vaughn noted earlier this season, while explaining the new burden Bridges had to shoulder. “So, we played Chicago, [Alex] Caruso’s guarding him, Pat Williams is guarding him. Where, when he was with Phoenix, Coby White might have been guarding him — not as distinguished a defender compared to those other two.”
That was borne out by the numbers. Using Second Spectrum matchup data and BBall-Index’s D-LEBRON, we can see that Bridges spent the significant majority of his career being guarded by relatively weaker defenders. Upon arriving in Brooklyn, though, that changed:
Average defender quality* and share of possessions spent guarded by different defender types, according to BBall-Index’s classification system, for Mikal Bridges by season
| Year | Team | Defender Quality* | Point of Attack | Wing Stopper | All Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | PHX | -0.28 | 21.7% | 21.7% | 56.6% |
| 2020 | PHX | -0.19 | 29.2 | 19.4 | 51.4 |
| 2021 | PHX | -0.28 | 23.6 | 17.6 | 58.8 |
| 2022 | PHX | -0.28 | 21.3 | 16.3 | 62.4 |
| 2023 | PHX | -0.21 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 52.8 |
| 2023 | BKN | +0.01 | 37.5 | 24.3 | 38.3 |
And it wasn’t just the quality of defenders that increased, but also the type of defender. In previous seasons, opposing teams would have their best perimeter defenders guard Paul and/or Booker, while defending Bridges with whomever was left over or who needed to be hidden on a less-threatening offensive player. Looking at BBall-Index’s metrics, you can see that Bridges faced players classified in defensive-minded roles14 significantly more often when he got to the Nets. In other words, teams were more likely to defend Bridges with their version of Bridges, whereas before he might have been defended by, as Vaughn said, the Coby White types.
We’ve seen this so far during the series against Philadelphia, where the significant majority of his possessions have come against De’Anthony Melton and Tobias Harris. If he were still playing alongside Paul and Booker, Bridges would be much more likely to be guarded by James Harden or Tyrese Maxey. That type of thing likely won’t happen all that often anymore. Even with the more difficult matchups, though, Bridges still dropped 30 points on just 18 shots in Game 1. (He did get off just two shots after halftime, because when you score 23 points in the first half, the opposing team does tend to focus even more on denying your opportunities.) Bridges again saw Harris and Melton check him (along with Jalen McDaniels) for the majority of Game 2, and the Sixers also sent a second defender his way quite often. He was limited to 21 points as a result, but he managed to pick up seven assists — and could have had more had the Nets not shot so poorly. (Bridges had 14 potential assists.)
At the same time, Bridges is not, say, camping out on P.J. Tucker in the corner so he can conserve his energy for the offensive end of the floor. Bridges was not on Harden (the toughest perimeter matchup) all that often in Game 1, but he was in Game 2; and when he hasn’t been on the Sixers’ lead creator, he has spent most of his time guarding Maxey or Harris. That’s roughly in line with how Brooklyn used him after the trade, when he actually was tasked with the toughest half-court defensive matchups (according to BBall-Index’s O-LEBRON) of his career.
Bridges’s breakout is still in its nascent stages, and it remains to be seen how he handles the burdens of two-way stardom over the longer term. The difference between a good player and a great one is the consistency with which they produce at a star level, and the difference between a great player and a superstar is their ability to succeed even under disadvantageous circumstances. Bridges has shown he can reach star heights, in a way that came as a surprise even to the team that made him the centerpiece of the Durant trade. The question now is whether he can maintain this level of play, and do so while remaining one of the league’s best defenders and arguably its most durable player. Whether the Nets ultimately come back or fall flat in this series, Bridges has proved that the requisite skill set is there. The key moving forward is accessing the right parts of it on a consistent basis.
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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FIVETHIRTYEIGHT
The NBA playoffs are almost here, with the play-in tournament tipping off later tonight. But while the regular season was careening toward a dramatic finish, we were hard at work creating a live in-game win probability model — and we’re pretty damn excited to share it. We officially added this model to our forecast page this morning, and you can read more about the ins and outs of how it works here.15
With this shiny new feature, we can see how likely each team is to win every game in real time — and how their odds to bring home the Larry O’Brien Trophy are impacted by each play as well. We’ve even backfilled in-game win probabilities for all 1,230 games played in the 2022-23 regular season. So to give you a sense of what to expect from the interactive during the playoffs, let’s take a look back at some of the most exciting and memorable games this regular season to see what our new win probability model thought about each contest.
Donovan Mitchell’s explosive performance in the Cleveland Cavaliers’ improbable overtime win over the Chicago Bulls on Jan. 2 was one for the books. Not only were his 71 points the eighth-highest game total in league history and most in Cavaliers team history, they also propelled an inspired comeback. The Bulls took the reins as in-game favorites early on, first earning the edge up 32-26 with 31.9 seconds left in the first quarter, with an Alex Caruso steal16 pushing their win probability up to 54 percent. The Bulls would hold onto their win probability advantage for the next solid three quarters. But the Cavs clawed back to tie the score, and Bulls guard Zach LaVine missed a 28-foot stepback 3-pointer with 50.4 seconds left in the fourth quarter, giving the Cavs a 55-45 percent edge in win probability.
The Bulls quickly wrestled back the advantage, though, earning a 130-127 lead and 91 percent win probability with 7.4 seconds left in regulation. But sending Mitchell to the line a few seconds later came back to bite the Bulls. After making his first free throw attempt with 4.4 seconds left in the game, Mitchell intentionally missed his second attempt, corralled his own offensive rebound and made his quick-release putback attempt. This game-tying flurry with the clock stopped improved the Cavs’ win probability by a whopping 38 percentage points. After Bulls guard DeMar DeRozan airballed a buzzer-beating 3-pointer, the game went into overtime — where the Cavs scored the first 10 points and cruised to an 11-point win, capping off one of the more exciting and drama-filled comebacks in the league this season.
Luka DonÄiÄ’s 60-point triple-double and last-second, game-tying bucket that fueled the Dallas Mavericks’ wild comeback against the New York Knicks on Dec. 27 might be one of the few bright spots for Mavs fans in what was an otherwise incredibly disappointing regular season. When DonÄiÄ stepped to the line to shoot two free throws with 4.2 seconds left at the American Airlines Center, the Mavericks were down by three points with only a 7 percent chance to win the game according to our new model. But Luka hit his first free throw,17 intentionally missed the second,18 corralled the loose ball19 and hit a game-tying bucket20 in a dramatic sequence that ended up forcing overtime.21 Finishing the season outside the play-in tournament was a disaster for a franchise with title aspirations, but Mavs fans can at least look back fondly on this game and their superstar’s performance.
The marathon double-overtime game between the Sacramento Kings and Los Angeles Clippers on Feb. 24 had pretty much everything you could want in an NBA game22 — two overtimes, multiple dramatic moments,23 a close finish and the second-highest point total in NBA history. The Kings may have not outplayed the Clippers throughout their game at Crypto.com Arena, but they certainly outlasted them.24 They fought for four full quarters and almost two full overtimes as underdogs before our win probability model thought they had a better than 50 percent chance to win, when they were up 176-175 with 29.8 seconds left in double overtime and Kawhi Leonard missed a 17-foot stepback jumper. This impressive win showcases the kind of stick-to-itiveness this young, exciting Kings team needed to finally end a 16-year playoff drought, the longest in NBA history.
With 10.9 seconds left in the third quarter of the Los Angeles Lakers’ Feb. 7 clash with the Oklahoma City Thunder at Crypto.com Arena, LeBron James hit a 14-foot fadeaway jumper — a shot he’s worked so hard to add to his scoring arsenal throughout his career — to break Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s all-time NBA scoring record. These 2 points were a landmark in the career of one of game’s all-time greats, but ultimately came in a futile effort for the Lakers. After James’s historic shot, the Lakers were down 104-99 with only a 33 percent chance to win according to our model. They briefly retook the edge in the first few minutes of the fourth quarter, but ultimately let the game slip away. It was a discouraging loss for a superstar-laden team that came into the year with a title-or-bust mentality, but now finds itself needing to survive the play-in tournament to avoid missing the playoffs for a second straight season.
The Chicago Bulls’ double-overtime road win against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 20 was a thrilling, back-and-forth contest. The Sixers came into the game on an eight-game winning streak and were pretty hefty favorites according to our model, which gave them an 80 percent chance to win. But Joel Embiid, James Harden and company ran into a frisky Bulls team fighting for one of the last play-in spots in the East. The two teams went back and forth all game, with neither team leading by more than eight points throughout the entire game.
Our model’s favorite flipped back and forth a whopping 31 times during the second half and both overtimes. Ultimately, Zach LaVine’s offensive rebound after a Patrick Beverly missed 3-pointer with 57.8 seconds left in double OT turned the tide in Chicago’s favor for good. The Bulls held a 55 percent win probability after the rebound, and kept the edge until they finished off the Sixers by four points. It was a crucial win that helped them stay afloat in the playoff hunt in the Eastern Conference at the time.25
Those were just a handful of the games from a wildly entertaining NBA season. Lucky for us, our new win probability model does the same thing for each and every contest, analyzing how each play influenced each team’s odds to win. It will also be updating live over on our NBA forecast page during upcoming play-in and playoff games, allowing you to see how each turnover, stepback three and buzzer-beater affects your favorite team’s26 chances to be crowned world champions. We hope you’ll follow along with us!
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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David Berding / Getty Images
As the NBA’s annual play-in tournament plays out over the next few days, we’re sure to hear a lot of talk about which of the teams involved is the greatest threat to “make some noise” in the playoffs. The fact that three of those teams have made the NBA Finals in recent years (and one of them is LeBron James’s team) surely has a lot to do with that, but so does the perception that this year’s title race is more wide-open than in years past — a perception that has been present since before the season even began. Throw in the fact that the play-in teams are the only ones playing actual games until the weekend, and you’ve got the perfect environment for the pundits to fire off some hot takes about which of them poses the greatest danger to the top seeds.
A word of caution, though: In the three years of the play-in’s existence — either as a one-game format in 2020 or a multi-game bracket starting in 2021 — not a single team that made it out has won a first-round playoff series. Those teams are 0-9 overall, and none of the nine series in which they’ve been involved has even made it to a seventh game.
You might think that poor track record is indicative of the recent play-in victors being particularly weak seventh- or eighth-seeded teams, but that’s not the case. According to Basketball-Reference’s Simple Rating System, the nine teams that have escaped the play-in to become a No. 7 or 8 seed have been of almost the exact same quality as the average No. 7 or 8 seed in the preceding 17 seasons (2003 through 2019), a span that encompasses the entirety of the seven-game first-round series era. During that span, they have also faced off against opponents (seeds No. 1 or 2) of roughly similar quality, and they have had remarkably similar results to their predecessors.
Performance of Nos. 7 and 8 seeds during play-in era (2020-22) and pre-play-in era (2003-19) in 7-game first-round series
| Era | 7/8 Seeds | Opponents | W-L | Avg. Length | PPG Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Play-In* | +0.75 | +6.00 | 0-9 | 5.2 gms | -8.1 |
| Pre-Play-In | +0.80 | +5.98 | 4-64 | 5.3 | -7.6 |
A three-year sample is obviously much smaller (and thus inherently less meaningful) than a 17-year sample, but the fact that the results are so similar is quite striking. Really, the main differences to date are the fact that the pre-play-in era teams got swept more often (20 of the 64 series losers were dispatched of within four games, while just one of the nine play-in winners has been swept) but also took series the distance more often (10 of 64 series losers made it to a Game 7 before being eliminated). And of course, four of them actually won the series outright.
What do we know about those four teams who won? We’re glad you asked.
Nos. 7 or 8 seeds to win their first-round NBA playoff series since the introduction of the best-of-seven format for Round 1 in 2002-03
| Year | Seed | Team | Opp | 7/8 Seed | Opponent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 8 | 76ers | Bulls | +3.59 | +7.43 |
| 2011 | 8 | Grizzlies | Spurs | +2.55 | +5.86 |
| 2010 | 7 | Spurs | Mavericks | +5.07 | +2.66 |
| 2007 | 8 | Warriors | Mavericks | +0.00 | +7.28 |
These teams should all be quite familiar to basketball fans. The 2007 Golden State Warriors squad that defeated Dirk Nowitzki (who was weeks away from being crowned the league’s MVP) and the Dallas Mavericks are known as the “We Believe” Warriors, perhaps the most famous underdogs in recent league history. The 2012 Philadelphia 76ers team that topped the Chicago Bulls had the good fortune of seeing their opponent’s best player (Derrick Rose) tear his ACL near the end of Game 1 and miss the remainder of the series. The 2010 San Antonio Spurs were a better team than the Mavericks by almost every conceivable measure except win-loss record; they just happened to underperform their expected record by five games during the regular season (tied for the second-largest margin in the league), while the Mavericks simultaneously overperformed by a league-high six games. The following season, the Spurs were knocked out in the first round by a physically overpowering Memphis Grizzlies team, and that loss inspired them to dramatically alter their style of play, which would result in yet another Gregg Popovich-Tim Duncan championship a few years later.
What can the performances of these teams tell us about the likelihood of any of this year’s play-in teams pulling off a similar upset? Well, the first thing you might notice is that three of the four upsetters were unusually strong 7- or 8-seeds. The 2010 Spurs, 2011 Grizzlies and 2012 76ers all had an SRS of plus-2.5 or better. That puts them each among the 15 best 7- or 8-seeds since 2003, with the Spurs unsurprisingly ranking as the very best of the bunch.
Best NBA teams seeded Nos. 7 or 8 in the playoffs*, since 2002-03
| RANK | Year | Team | Seed | Conf | Reg. Season SRS | Rd 1 Win? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2010 | Spurs | 7 | West | +5.07 | â |
| 2 | 2008 | Mavericks | 7 | West | +4.70 | |
| 3 | 2008 | Nuggets | 8 | West | +3.74 | |
| 4 | 2013 | Rockets | 8 | West | +3.69 | |
| 5 | 2012 | 76ers | 8 | East | +3.59 | â |
| 6 | 2010 | Thunder | 8 | West | +3.55 | |
| 7 | 2015 | Mavericks | 7 | West | +3.36 | |
| 8 | 2014 | Mavericks | 8 | West | +2.91 | |
| 9 | 2018 | Spurs | 7 | West | +2.89 | |
| 10 | 2021 | Lakers | 7 | West | +2.77 | |
| 11 | 2003 | Jazz | 7 | West | +2.76 | |
| 12 | 2005 | Grizzlies | 8 | West | +2.64 | |
| 13 | 2011 | Grizzlies | 8 | West | +2.55 | â |
| 14 | 2022 | Timberwolves | 7 | West | +2.53 | |
| 15 | 2006 | Lakers | 7 | West | +2.53 |
None of this year’s play-in teams are particularly close to achieving that level of performance. The New Orleans Pelicans came the closest with an SRS of plus-1.63, but even that ranks outside the top 25 teams since 2002-03. And among the eight candidates in this year’s crop, only the Toronto Raptors (plus-1.59) and Chicago Bulls (plus-1.37) joined the Pelicans in potentially being among the top third of 7- and 8-seed teams since ’03.27
But while the potential seventh and eighth seeds might be relatively weak this season, the same is true for most of this year’s top-seeded teams as well. Yes, the Boston Celtics are better than average among recent 1- and 2-seeds, with a plus-6.38 SRS. But the Denver Nuggets, Memphis Grizzlies and Milwaukee Bucks all check in among the 15 “worst” 1- and 2-seeds since 2003, with the Nuggets ranking particularly close to the bottom.
Worst NBA teams seeded Nos. 1 or 2 in the playoffs, since 2002-03
| RANK | Year | Team | Seed | Conf | Reg. Season SRS | Rd 1 Loss? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2004 | Nets | 2 | East | +1.88 | |
| 2 | 2017 | Celtics | 1 | East | +2.25 | |
| 3 | 2010 | Mavericks | 2 | West | +2.66 | â |
| 4 | 2017 | Cavaliers | 2 | East | +2.87 | |
| 5 | 2003 | Pistons | 1 | East | +2.97 | |
| 6 | 2023 | Nuggets | 1 | West | +3.04 | ? |
| 7 | 2009 | Nuggets | 2 | West | +3.13 | |
| 8 | 2018 | Celtics | 2 | East | +3.23 | |
| 9 | 2005 | Pistons | 2 | East | +3.31 | |
| 10 | 2007 | Cavaliers | 2 | East | +3.33 | |
| 11 | 2006 | Heat | 2 | East | +3.59 | |
| 12 | 2023 | Grizzlies | 2 | West | +3.60 | ? |
| 13 | 2023 | Bucks | 1 | East | +3.61 | ? |
| 14 | 2014 | Pacers | 1 | East | +3.63 | |
| 15 | 2007 | Pistons | 1 | East | +3.69 |
Of course, it’s worth noting that of the four No. 1 or 2 seeds that have lost in the first round since 2003, only one of them (the 2010 Mavs) appears on the above list. The others were much stronger squads that just happened to get upset anyway.
Taken together, this all means we should consider it highly unlikely that any of the individual teams participating in the play-in tournament pulls off a first-round upset and truly “makes noise” in the playoffs. The 80 teams seeded at Nos. 7 or 8 over the past 20 years are just 4-76 in the first round, after all, and this year’s crop of play-in participants does not appear to be notably stronger than the teams that typically occupy those seeds. But still, the top seeds being a bit weaker than usual offers some glimmer of hope for underdogs looking to pull an upset that shocks us all.
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Ron Jenkins / Getty Images
Kyrie Irving’s tenure with the Dallas Mavericks could not have had a brighter beginning. Following a Feb. 6 trade, Irving faced the Los Angeles Clippers without Dallas’s superstar leader Luka Doncic alongside him, and Uncle Drew scored 24 points in the win over a championship contender.
So who could have predicted that such a promising start might have been the peak of the Irving-in-Dallas saga? On Friday, Dallas was officially eliminated from playoff contention after an absurd defeat to the Chicago Bulls, in which the Mavs rested Irving and pulled Doncic and two other starters after just one quarter. (The NBA is now investigating Dallas over whether it tanked to improve its NBA draft odds.) It’s a shocking state of affairs for a team that sat at a 98 percent chance to make the playoffs — and was tied for the league’s second-best title odds — less than a week after trading for Irving, according to the FiveThirtyEight forecast.
Dallas struggled to a 9-18 record after Irving first took the floor as a Maverick. It had the 10th-best offensive rating but the fourth-worst defensive rating, continuing a trend that has plagued Irving-led teams. That Irving missed seven games and Doncic eight didn’t help, but the Mavericks were only 5-11 in games in which both appeared.
Last year, the Mavericks reached the Western Conference finals by building a well-oiled machine around Doncic. But while the driver in Doncic remained extraordinary in the playoffs against the Golden State Warriors, the car around him fell apart. (Doncic-run pick and rolls scored more efficiently in the series than they had in the regular season, for instance, but Jalen Brunson- and Spencer Dinwiddie-run pick and rolls fell off a cliff. Now, neither remains a Maverick.) Arguably, a lack of versatility limited Dallas against the eventual champions.
The Irving trade seemed intended to address that problem. And despite Dallas’s losing record since making the deal, the team was more versatile on offense. It’s important to note that, in this sense at least, Dallas’s gamble paid off magnificently. Dallas needed diversity, and Irving is extraordinary in a variety of play types.
Play type frequency and efficiency for Kyrie Irving, 2022-23 season
| Play type | Freq. per 100 possessions | League Rank | Points per chance | League Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolation | 11.1 | 13 | 1.16 | 12 |
| Pick and rolls | 29.7 | 73 | 1.08 | 17 |
| Drives | 15.4 | 71 | 1.17 | 10 |
Furthermore, Irving gave Dallas a threat without the ball in his hands — a crucial addition alongside Doncic, who finished fifth in the league in touches per game and received more double-teams per game than any other player. Off-ball play can win championships for a shooter and scorer like Irving.
Irving led the Mavericks in off-ball cuts since Feb. 8 and was second in handoffs received, per Second Spectrum. Both are ways to get him the ball if it’s starting in Doncic’s hands. When preceded by a wide pindown screen, receiving a handoff is called “Chicago” or “Zoom” action, and it is one of Irving’s specialties. He used such plays to create elite offense with Doncic on the bench:
Or, he initiated plays via Chicago action as a means of creating weak-side isolations for Doncic against a moving defense. Doncic led the league in isolation frequency,28 so any softening of the defense by Irving beforehand was akin to sharpening the chisel for Michelangelo.
The changes made to integrate Irving revamped the structure of Dallas’s offense. According to Second Spectrum tracking data, the Mavs were 26th in the league in frequency of off-ball screens before Irving’s first game as a Mav and were 18th after. Their frequency of handoffs jumped from 25th to 10th. The team’s pace quickened. And its offense improved, going from a rating of 115.2 before Irving suited up to 117.2 after.
Theoretically, this added complexity and dynamism would have benefited the Mavericks even more in the playoffs, making them more difficult to limit because of their multi-dimensionality. But the cost of adding those extra abilities for a hypothetical playoff run was apparently an increased chance of missing the playoffs altogether. The Mavericks put the postseason cart before the regular-season horse; solving offensive problems introduced a plethora of defensive ones.
Doncic and Irving received much of the criticism for their team’s sieve-like defense, but they don’t seem to be at fault. Excluding garbage time, the Brooklyn Nets were better on defense with Irving on the floor than off, and so too were the Mavericks this season. Opposing possessions involving pick and rolls and isolations defended by Irving or Doncic were less efficient than when other Mavs defenders faced those play types on average. Furthermore, the two stars were Dallas’s two best defenders against opposing shots, holding shooters to the lowest effective field goal percentages, according to Second Spectrum.29 (That could also be indicative of a problem, as most teams want their big men to be their best shot defenders — not their lead ball handlers.) Neither star was intended to be a defensive savior, yet somehow they’ve been among the team’s most effective defenders.
In many ways, Dallas’s defense has been trying to draw blood from a stone, hoping for passable results without size in the middle or a host of defensive-minded supporting players around its stars. Dorian Finney-Smith had been Dallas’s wing stopper in the playoffs, recording team-high possessions guarding Donovan Mitchell and Devin Booker in the 2021-22 playoffs. After shipping him to Brooklyn in the Irving deal, the Mavericks simply haven’t had answers to questions posed by opposing offenses. Furthermore, Dallas was the fourth-worst team at defending the rim after Irving’s first game in The Big D, while Dallas’s trio of centers — Dwight Powell, Maxi Kleber and Christian Wood — combined to allow opponents to shoot more than 6 percentage points better than expected on shots at the rim or in the paint since Irving took the floor.
There’s no defensive solution coming. Last season, the Mavericks were the eighth-ranked defense in the regular season, yet they allowed an offensive rating of 123.9 to Golden State in the Western Conference finals. This year’s Mavericks, by contrast, were the 23rd-ranked defense. After the Irving trade, Dallas narrowed its possible outcomes; with this personnel, a flamethrowing offense was the only path to victory. Even though the Irving trade diversified the means by which the Mavericks could score, they still couldn’t score quite enough to win games.
As a result, Dallas is left in a strange limbo. In seeking offensive improvement, the Mavs also scorched and charred their defense. Irving’s time so far in Dallas has proved the importance of versatility. But unfortunately for Dallas, that applies to both ends of the court.
Irving is a free agent after this season, and there’s little reason to expect him to remain in Dallas. He hasn’t been there long enough to establish roots, and it’s not like Irving will make meaningful playoff memories that bond him to the city. (Irving refused to discuss his free agency and declined exit interviews with the media.) So the Mavericks may be left continuing their long-running search for a co-star to pair with Doncic. Since acquiring Doncic in a draft-night trade in 2018, Dallas has had only two players average at least 20 points per game alongside him: Kristaps Porzingis and now Irving. Irving may well have been an ideal fit alongside Doncic, but the team didn’t have the defensive infrastructure to support the pair.
Over the same time period, Dallas’s defense has spent only one season better than league average. This season represented the lowest winning percentage Dallas has managed since Doncic’s rookie season and its worst defensive rating relative to league average. If Irving departs in free agency, it will also devastate the Mavericks’ flexibility to improve around the incumbent leader. The team has tried to weave a roster that fits its superstar, but it just doesn’t have enough thread right now. At this rate, Dallas might learn the hard way the moral of Phoebe Gilman’s classic: You can’t make something from nothing.
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Thearon W. Henderson / Getty Images
In the modern NBA, there is no resource more valuable than time on the shot clock. In fact, it’s the only thing that teams can’t score without. While it’s tough to put the ball in the basket if you don’t have a high-level ball handler or marksmen to knock down shots and space the floor, it’s not impossible. But once that timer above the backboard hits zero, your opportunity to produce points is over. And in what is once again the most efficient scoring season in league history, every single second has value — perhaps more now than ever before.
A common refrain among coaches and players alike is the need for a team to get into its offense quickly, or to prevent the opposing team from doing the same. Shots taken early in the clock — especially those taken in transition, before the defense has a chance to get set — tend to carry a higher expected value than those taken later, after all. But even initiating your half-court offense with expediency has its benefits. Running the initial action of your set a second or two earlier can mean the difference between having to force a contested jumper just to beat the buzzer, and being able to pump-fake, sidestep and let it fly without a defender breathing down your neck.
These days, the NBA tracks every movement of every player, as well as the ball, 25 times per second, thanks to the Second Spectrum cameras in the catwalks of all 29 arenas.30 Because of the data generated by those cameras, we know exactly how long it takes for each team to get the ball over the half-court line, and how long it takes for them to initiate the first action — whether that means setting the first screen, making the first cut or taking the first dribble toward the basket — in their offense. We also know that the correlation between “getting into your offense quickly” and scoring efficiency on a given possession is sky-high.
The relationship isn’t exactly linear, though. On average over the past 10 seasons,31 the first four seconds of the shot clock within the half-court have been worth more points per 100 possessions (9.68) than the next 11 seconds combined (7.70). That means the earlier in the shot clock that you get the ball up the floor and then perform an offensive action, the better.
All of which brings us to this season’s underdog darlings: the Sacramento Kings. This season, no team has a better offense than Sacramento, which is leading the league in offensive rating by more than a full point per 100 possessions and is on track to set a new league record for scoring efficiency. Perhaps not coincidentally, the Kings are also among the league’s fastest teams at getting into their half-court offense. According to Second Spectrum, only the Indiana Pacers have run their initial offensive action faster on average than the Kings, and even they have done so by a margin of just 0.007 seconds.
This shouldn’t be a surprise. Several years ago, Kings coach Mike Brown took part in a coaching training session for Basketball Fundamentals, where he explained his three offensive staples. The very first one was pace: “Getting into your offense with 21 or 20 seconds on the shot clock,” Brown said, noting exactly the range where the drop-off has been steepest. “You need to get into your offense by then so you can get to your third and fourth option, if you need to.” Brown was still a Golden State Warriors assistant at the time of that coaching clinic, but his Kings team has taken the lesson to heart.
If initiating your offense as quickly as possible is desirable, it logically follows that allowing your opponent to do the same is, well … not. But whereas all it really takes to get into your offense quickly is a desire and dedicated commitment to actually doing it, the same is not necessarily true on defense. For the most part, you have to force your opponent to waste time if you want them to waste time. That’s where backcourt pressure comes in.
An NBA court is 94 feet long, and we (unsurprisingly) found that, the farther away from its own goal that a defense starts guarding the opposing team’s ball handler, the longer it will take that opponent to get into its half-court offense.
To measure this pressure effect, we first divided the court into zones by the distance from the basket. When a team picks up the opponent 94 to 79 feet away from the basket (i.e., the furthest 15-foot stretch of the court from the goal), we considered that utilizing “deep backcourt” pressure. Doing the same from 79 to 64 feet away is “medium backcourt” pressure, and doing it from 64 feet away to the midcourt line is just regular old “backcourt” pressure.
Of course, you don’t have to go all the way into the backcourt to pressure the ball handler. Most teams tend to have their offense initiated from just outside the 3-point line, so we also divided the area between the midcourt line and the top of the arc into three zones. Picking up from 47 to 38 feet is utilizing “high frontcourt” pressure, doing it from 38 to 30 feet is “medium frontcourt” pressure and doing it from 30 to 23 feet is “low frontcourt” pressure. Not picking up the ball handler at all until he reaches the 3-point line is what we called “no resistance.”
The correlation between ball handler pickup distance and time to initial offensive action is even stronger than the one between offensive initiation and scoring efficiency. In other words, the more time you want the offense to waste, the farther up the floor you should apply pressure on the ball handler.
That may seem obvious in theory, but it’s impressive to see just how well it works in practice. And while plenty of teams around the league are trying this tactic, no player utilizes it more often than Milwaukee Bucks guard Jevon Carter. According to Second Spectrum, Carter has picked up the ball handler in the backcourt more than 62 percent of the time he has defended the guy bringing it up the floor. That’s the highest rate in the league, with only Atlanta Hawks guard Aaron Holiday joining him above 60 percent.32
“He rolls into the gym, I think, ready to pick up somebody off the bus,” Bucks coach Mike Budenholzer said.
When Milwaukee signed Carter just two days after he was waived by the Brooklyn Nets last season, it wasn’t a signing that created many waves. But it was one that made a lot of sense, considering the Bucks had utilized a heavy dose of backcourt pressure to swing the NBA Finals in their favor the year before. It was Jrue Holiday doing the pressuring then; bringing in Carter spared Holiday the heavy lifting, allowing the Bucks to ask him to do it more strategically rather than all the time.
Because Carter applies pressure so often, he’s one of just 11 players who is, on average, picking up his man in the backcourt (i.e., at least 47 feet away from the rim). The rest of the group is basically a who’s who of pesky backup guards, led by the king of the backcourt steal himself, Jose “Grand Theft” Alvarado.
NBA defenders by largest average pickup distance (in feet), plus share of possessions picking up the ball handler, 2022-23 season
| Player | Team | Avg Pickup Dist | Poss | Pickups | Pickup% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jose Alvarado | Pelicans | 58.8 ft. | 645 | 381 | 59.1% |
| Aaron Holiday | Hawks | 57.4 | 516 | 313 | 60.7 |
| Jevon Carter | Bucks | 57.3 | 975 | 608 | 62.4 |
| Miles McBride | Knicks | 49.5 | 439 | 166 | 37.8 |
| T.J. McConnell | Pacers | 49.3 | 725 | 258 | 35.6 |
| Cole Anthony | Magic | 49.1 | 832 | 316 | 38.0 |
| Davion Mitchell | Kings | 49.0 | 943 | 417 | 44.2 |
| Dennis Schroder | Lakers | 47.9 | 1015 | 341 | 33.6 |
| Tyrese Maxey | 76ers | 47.8 | 941 | 281 | 29.9 |
| Nickeil Alexander-Walker | Jazz/âWolves | 47.2 | 452 | 136 | 30.1 |
| Josh Okogie | Suns | 47.2 | 671 | 216 | 32.2 |
Also among that group is Knicks guard Miles McBride. Inserted into New York’s rotation in December as part of an effort to help a lagging defense,33 McBride was affectionately described by teammate Obi Toppin as “annoying on defense for other teams” after a pair of games in which his pressure helped spur New York to back-to-back wins to rebound from a three-game losing streak. “But he’s on our team, so we love it.”
For McBride, being annoying is actually part of the point. “Nothing better than seeing a guy [who] you can mentally break and then physically wear down,” McBride said with a laugh.
“So, if I can do that to the [other] team’s best player?” All the better, says McBride.
And stars are the class of players increasingly facing heavy backcourt pressure. The list of offensive players who are picked up by defenders the farthest away from the rim almost exclusively consists of guys like Luka DonÄiÄ and Stephen Curry, who together make up the entire top-seven average pickup distances during the player-tracking era. In fact, nobody other than DonÄiÄ, Curry, James Harden, Chris Paul or Trae Young appears on the list until 18th.34
NBA ball handlers by largest average defensive pickup distance (in feet), since the 2013-14 season
| Player | Season | Possessions | Avg Pickup Dist |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luka Doncic | 2022-23 | 2,047 | 46.4 ft. |
| Stephen Curry | 2020-21 | 2,091 | 44.3 |
| Luka Doncic | 2019-20 | 2,507 | 44.2 |
| Stephen Curry | 2022-23 | 1,348 | 43.7 |
| Luka Doncic | 2020-21 | 2,800 | 43.7 |
| Stephen Curry | 2021-22 | 1,984 | 43.6 |
| Luka Doncic | 2021-22 | 2,461 | 43.3 |
It makes sense that these guys would be the ones being defended farthest out on the floor. They’re the league’s most effective drivers of efficient offense, so trying to get them to waste as much time as possible before they begin orchestrating carries huge benefits. As does the mere act of making them work as hard as possible just to get the ball into the frontcourt, which we saw when Holiday hounded Paul during those aforementioned 2021 NBA Finals.
While it may seem trivial, annoyance was actually one of the most common reasons cited by both coaches and players for why they apply backcourt pressure. “Obviously, it can disrupt their rhythm a little bit. It takes time off the clock a little bit. And it can be a little bit of a nuisance, or it can be a little bit of an irritant throughout the course of a game,” Brown said. “Especially when you’ve got a guy like Davion [Mitchell] doing it.”
Mitchell, like McBride, shouted out Carter as arguably the most effective player at pressuring this way. And while he agreed that being annoying has its value,35 he noted that the biggest benefit is actually to the teammates sharing the floor with him. “I mean, it’s better for them so they don’t have to guard multiple ball screens,” he said. “They just have to guard one ball screen and then a quick shot because the shot clock is going down. So, they kind of want me to [pressure].”
Just one player I spoke with was largely unconcerned with taking time off the shot clock, disrupting an opponent’s rhythm, or really any other reasons for pressuring ball handlers in the backcourt beyond just one. “I’m trying to take the ball,” Chicago Bulls guard Patrick Beverley said.36 He’s certainly been successful at doing just that: During the player-tracking era, only two players37 have forced more turnovers with their backcourt pressure than Beverley, whose incessant pestering has resulted in 47 takeaways.
No matter the specific rationale for using the tactic, there are myriad benefits to pressuring the player bringing the ball up the floor. So why is it still not a widely utilized defensive tool? To explain why, I went to perhaps the league’s foremost proponent of pressure: Bucks assistant coach Mike Dunlap, who famously utilized a full-court press more often than almost anyone in league history when he was the head coach of the franchise then known as the Charlotte Bobcats.
“When I got the job at Charlotte, I went and saw Larry Brown. And basically, he said, ‘Just count your possessions. You got maybe 16 bullets.’ Anything that’s 16 or under,38 you know, you play up the floor and put them in a press — no problem. So, on his counsel, I didn’t want to be crazy about it because NBA players, you know, give you everything you got,” Dunlap said. “When it comes to full-court pressure, you know, you have to be judicious in the way you utilize it.”
But even if it has to be used sparingly, there’s no questioning how effective backcourt ball pressure can be at disrupting those precious early-clock seconds, when the offense is at its most efficient.
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Eric Espada / Getty Images
Before losing to the Charlotte Hornets in somewhat embarrassing fashion on Tuesday night, the New York Knicks had been the hottest team in professional basketball. If you’ve paid any attention to the NBA over the past two decades or so, you know that this is not the kind of thing that happens very often. With that in mind, even though the run is over, let’s take a look at the myriad factors that drove New York’s longest winning streak since 2013 — because the nine-game streak’s end doesn’t necessarily mean the end of the team’s run as an Eastern Conference playoff threat.
We have to start with the blistering pace at which the Knicks scored. During the streak, New York singed the nets to the tune of 124.6 points per 100 possessions, per NBA Advanced Stats.39 For the season, the Knicks still boast the league’s fifth-best offense and are mere decimal points away from ranking inside the top three.
For the most part, the Knicks have built their offense on everything but shooting. They’re just 21st in effective field goal percentage but rank inside the top nine in each of the three other Four Factors: free-throw rate (ninth), turnover rate (fifth) and offensive rebound rate (second). During the streak, the Knicks connected on better than 51 percent of their field goals and 40 percent of their threes. (Notably, they went just 11-of-40 from deep on Tuesday.)
The streak started with the arrival of versatile swingman Josh Hart, whom the Knicks acquired in a trade with the Portland Trail Blazers at the deadline, and the flourishing of a Hart-led bench lineup. In the 141 minutes that Hart, Immanuel Quickley and Isaiah Hartenstein shared the floor during that run, New York outscored its opponents by an utterly preposterous 97 points. That’s the equivalent of beating your opponent by 33 points per game, by the way. Hart is the league’s best small-man rebounder, and he’s made an immediate impact on his new team. The Knicks ranked 21st in defensive rebound rate before Hart made his New York debut; the team ranks sixth since he entered the lineup.
Hart and Quickley (who followed up his demolition of the reeling Boston Celtics in a performance that may have made him the favorite to take home the Sixth Man of the Year trophy, with a much more muted game against the Hornets) are playing at such a high level that Knicks coach Tom Thibodeau is routinely using them — rather than starters RJ Barrett and Quentin Grimes — to close games. The four-man unit with Quickley and Hart flanking Jalen Brunson40 and Julius Randle has been dynamite: It’s plus-40 in 84 minutes, shooting just south of 54 percent from the field and a few ticks better than 39 percent from deep.41 The group makes a lot of sense. Along with giving the unit a third player who can create shots off the dribble, Quickley can team up with Hart to smother opposing wings while Mitchell Robinson patrols the paint.
Robinson, by the way, has been a big factor in New York’s overall improvement this season. This is probably the best defensive season of his career, and that’s reflected in both the eye test and his numbers. Head over to the RAPTOR leaderboard and you’ll find that this is the first time in his career where Robinson ranks plus-2.0 or better in both Box Score and On/Off defensive RAPTOR. His blocks and overall rim-protection numbers are actually down, but that’s come with a trade-off the Knicks will surely make: Robinson’s foul rate has plummeted from a high of 5.7 per 36 minutes during his rookie season to just 3.8 per 36, allowing him to play nearly 7 more minutes per game. (The same was true two years ago, but he appeared in only 31 games that season.)
Selected advanced and traditional metrics for Mitchell Robinson, by season
| Season | Box Score D RAPTOR | On/Off D RAPTOR | BLK/36 | PF/36 | MPG |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 27.6 |
| 2021-22 | 3.4 | -2.2 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 25.7 |
| 2020-21 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 27.5 |
| 2019-20 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 23.1 |
| 2018-19 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 20.6 |
Speaking of both defense and RAPTOR numbers, let’s explain one of the stranger quirks in that data right now: the divergence between Brunson’s Box Score RAPTOR (plus-5.3, 18th-best among 278 players who have been on the court for 750 minutes or more) and his On/Off RAPTOR (minus-1.5, 190th among the same group of players). The 6.8-point difference between those two poles is fifth-largest in the league. A deeper dive into the numbers, though, shows that it’s unlikely Brunson’s doing. Instead, it’s just about how the Knicks have divided minutes between him and Quickley.
On/off numbers for lineups with Jalen Brunson and Immanuel Quickley, 2022-23 season
| On | Off | Minutes | O-Rtg | D-Rtg | Net Rtg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brunson | Quickley | 1276 | 120.62 | 122.35 | -1.72 |
| Quickley | Brunson | 953 | 112.22 | 107.83 | 4.39 |
| Both | Neither | 870 | 120.53 | 111.61 | 8.92 |
As you can see, the Knicks have scored just as efficiently in Brunson-only minutes as they have in the Brunson-Quickley minutes, and quite a bit more efficiently than in the Quickley-only minutes. That’s a sign that no matter with whom Brunson has shared the floor, he’s been able to drive an incredibly efficient offense.42
It’s been a different story on the other side of the ball, though. New York’s defense in the Brunson-only minutes has been worst-of-all-time-level disastrous, while it’s been fantastic (nearly 2 points per 100 possessions better than the league’s best defense this season) in the Quickley-only minutes. However, the same unit has been very good (the equivalent of a top-five defense) in the Brunson-Quickley minutes, which seems to point toward the culprit being the Knicks’ non-Quickley wings (Barrett and Grimes), rather than Brunson.
It feels strange to have dug this deep into the Knicks without really mentioning Randle, but there’s not much more to say beyond the fact that he is playing at the highest level of his career. He’s on track to become just the 18th player in history to average at least 25 points, 10 rebounds and 4 assists per game, and his improved outside shooting (35.5 percent on more than eight attempts per game) has opened up all kinds of things for both him and everyone else on the floor.
Randle’s Knicks career is, without a doubt, one of the strangest things I have ever seen in my 35 years on this planet. He was pretty awful in his first year, then won Most Improved Player and made Second Team All-NBA in his second year. Last season, he was somehow even worse than he had been in his debut with the Knicks, and he threw in a feud with the fans for good measure. And now this year, he’s been better than ever, getting M-V-P chants on a near-nightly basis and draining ridiculous stepback threes to win games on the road. It makes no sense on almost any level.
Then again, neither do the Knicks. As recently as early December, there were rampant calls for the Knicks to show Thibodeau the door. A rotation tweak seemed to save the season in the form of an eight-game winning streak, but then New York turned around and dropped five straight. Then the Knicks reeled off seven of eight, lost four in a row and alternated wins and losses for a couple of weeks before the trade deadline — since when they’ve now lost just two games, although the latest was to one of the league’s worst teams. Only time will tell if the Knicks have figured it out for good — or if the loss to Charlotte is the beginning of another valley aboard New York’s roller coaster. Right now, though, this still looks like a damn good basketball team. And that’s a nice change of pace.
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If you head over to our RAPTOR ratings page, there’s something that should jump out at you right away. So far this season, just 12 players have produced at least 7.0 RAPTOR wins above replacement. Among that group are 11 players who can reasonably be considered stars: two-time reigning MVP Nikola JokiÄ, Luka DonÄiÄ, Damian Lillard, Joel Embiid, Shai Gilgeous-Alexander, James Harden, Darius Garland, Kyrie Irving, Donovan Mitchell, Jayson Tatum and Jimmy Butler.
And then there is Boston Celtics guard Derrick White. Much like was the case with then-Denver Nuggets wing Will Barton a few years ago, it’s obvious that White is not a top-12 player in the league. But he has a rating that paints him as such because he has produced at an above-average level across the board, and done so exclusively in the context of lineups that — to use a technical term — kick ass.
Boston has outscored opponents by 10.6 points per 100 possessions with White on the floor this season, per NBA Advanced Stats, tied with Robert Williams III for the best mark on the team. The Celtics’ scoring margin with White on the bench has plummeted to just plus-0.2 per 100 possessions, and the 10.4-point differential between those two poles is the largest among Celtics regulars by a significant margin.43 Clearly, White is doing something very right in his minutes. But what?
One of the primary ways White has provided significant value to the Celtics is in his ability to seamlessly shift between multiple roles. The Celtics acquired him at last year’s trade deadline to serve as their backup point guard and occasional part of the closing five when then-head coach Ime Udoka decided to go with a small-ball look down the stretch. This season, White was again ticketed to be a reserve but has instead typically rolled with the starters, coming off the bench in just 10 of his 62 games played.
When Williams (a center) sat out the first 29 games due to injury, it was White who slid into a smaller starting lineup.44 When Marcus Smart (a guard) recently missed about a month’s worth of action, White again stepped into a bigger lineup — and had arguably the best stretch of his career: In 35.1 minutes per game across 11 contests, White scored 20.1 points a night on 49.1 percent shooting from the field and 43.6 percent from three, while also grabbing 4.6 rebounds and dishing out 5.8 assists per game.
He connected on multiple treys in every one of those games, as well as the next three games after Smart’s return to the fold. The list of players with a 14-plus-game streak where they connected at least twice from outside the arc this season is not very long, and it consists almost exclusively of high-level snipers. A career 34 percent 3-point shooter prior to this season, White is not necessarily someone you would have expected to end up on that list. But there he is.
White’s career-best shooting season has been aided in part by his shift to playing off the ball more often. According to Basketball-Reference.com, he’s been assisted on a career-high 50.7 percent of his 2-point shots and 89.2 percent of his threes. He’s also taken a significantly larger share of his threes from the corners. Through his first five seasons, just 17.3 percent of his treys were corner threes; this season, that share has nearly doubled to 32.2 percent, and he’s connected on those shots at a 38.7 percent clip.
That’s not to say White hasn’t done good work with the ball in his hands, though. In fact, quite the opposite is true. According to Second Spectrum, there are 85 players who have been the ballhandler in at least 500 pick and rolls this season. Among that group, White’s pick and rolls have generated the 12th-most points per play (1.093) when either he or a teammate one pass away has taken the shot. White has also been one of the league’s most effective finishers on the drive this season, converting shots at the same rate as players like Anthony Edwards and Lauri Markkanen, per NBA Advanced Stats. There are 120 players averaging five or more drives per game, and White is in the top quartile among that group in field goal percentage on the drive.
The key to White’s shape-shifting abilities this season, according to Celtics head coach Joe Mazzulla? “I think his humility,” Mazzulla said Monday. “His career path, playing at different levels. I think he’s just a guy that loves playing basketball. He can play in pick and roll, can play off the ball, and just competes at a high level.”
White was practically unrecruited out of high school, receiving exactly zero scholarship offers from Division I programs. He played three seasons at Division II University of Colorado Colorado Springs, then transferred to Colorado and became a first-team All-Pac-12 player and a member of the conference’s All-Defensive team. The San Antonio Spurs made him a first-round pick, but he was barely a factor in the rotation as a rookie. He spent most of that season either injured or in the G League. But the year after that, he became a starter. The year after that, he played well enough to earn himself a contract extension. Then, he stood out to the point that he became a primary trade target for a title contender. Now, he’s one of that team’s most important — and most effective — players.
Maybe his top-12 RAPTOR ranking feels a little bit excessive. But there’s no doubt that the Celtics wouldn’t be where they are now without White playing a central role.
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Damian Lillard collects a long offensive rebound beyond the 3-point line, shuffle-steps to his left and drains one of his patented deep triples. It’s another game winner to add to his extensive collection.
This one is a bit different from his others, though. For starters, the stakes are lower: It’s the 2023 NBA All-Star Game in Salt Lake City, and one of the least competitive midseason showcases in years at that. Lillard also hasn’t beaten any buzzer with this particular game winner; that’s because for the fourth straight year, the NBA is using what’s known as the “Elam Ending” format for its All-Star main event.
Instead of playing to the end of a timed period, the Elam Ending utilizes a score target the winning team must hit — just like every pickup basketball game you’ve ever played in. In the case of the All-Star Game, 24 points are added to the leading team’s score through three quarters; whoever gets there first wins. Lillard’s trey brought Team Giannis to 184 points, winning them the game as they passed the “target score” of 182.
The format has mostly been a fun curiosity at past All-Star festivities, but it held some extra weight this year: It’s being formally tested throughout various G League competitions all season, the first big sign that it could move from a cool sideshow to actual use in the world’s biggest league.
Before that can happen, though, what do players at both the NBA and G League level think about it? What does league data on G League trials tell us, and is an NBA adoption of this unique endgame alternative on the horizon? I spent some time around the All-Star festivities to find out.
The Elam Ending owes its original name to Nick Elam, a professor at Ball State University who was frustrated with the way teams waste time near the end of close games (which often devolve into free-throw contests instead of “true” basketball). So Elam decided to create his own solution, in which the clock was no longer a factor for either team.
The concept initially rose to prominence for its use in The Basketball Tournament. This winner-take-all summer competition used the format for play-in games in 2017, then adopted it for all games the following year — meaning every TBT game ends with a “game winner” of sorts.
At the urging of star Chris Paul, the Elam Ending was added to the 2020 NBA All-Star Game, using a 24-point fourth-quarter target score to honor the late Kobe Bryant. Each All-Star Game since has featured the format, with 24 points added to the leading team’s score after the third quarter.
The approach is now gaining steam in games that count at the professional level, too. The Canadian Elite Basketball League tried it out for its summer series in 2020, then permanently adopted the format the following year. Most notably, though, the G League has incorporated it — using the “Final Target Score” moniker — into games for the 2022-23 season.
Throughout standard G League play, any game that heads to overtime immediately enters into a Final Target Score setup, with the teams aiming for seven additional points scored. Per data provided to FiveThirtyEight by the NBA (as of Feb. 22, 2023), 32 such overtimes have taken place so far this season.
At the Las Vegas G League Showcase in December, the league went a step further: Every fourth quarter (31 in all) was played in this format as well. At the end of the third quarter, 25 points were added to the leading team’s score to become the target.
Total number of 2022-23 G League games ending with a given shot type, for both regular-season OT games and Showcase fourth-quarter games
| Final Shot Type | No. of Games | |
|---|---|---|
| Made 2-pointer | 31 | |
| Made free throw | 16 | |
| Made 3-pointer | 16 | |
“It makes it really competitive,” says Scoot Henderson, G League Ignite star and projected top-three pick in the 2023 NBA draft. “Teams are locking up on defense. It makes it way more fun, I think.”
Some of Henderson’s G League peers, in Salt Lake City for the NBA Rising Stars Challenge, echoed his sentiments.
A prevailing take: The Final Target Score format is truer to “real” basketball than the traditional one, where trailing teams foul opponents to extend the game and earn extra possessions. Instead, the organic game continues through to the end.
“When you’re losing, you don’t have to go by the time,” says Kenneth Lofton Jr. of the Memphis Hustle. “At the end, it’s just about getting buckets and getting stops.”
There’s also the excitement factor to consider. Game winners are some of the most exhilarating events in basketball; guaranteeing one every game ups the ante, and not just for fans.
Ignite player Mojave King recalls an overtime game where his team was tied at 113 with the South Bay Lakers — and the target score was 114. That kind of “next point wins,” pickup-style atmosphere can’t really be found anywhere else in professional basketball. “We lost that one, so that one hurt, but it was still a lot of fun,” King says. “Every possession down the stretch was a big play.”
The NBA has been looking for ways to shorten games for a decade now, often utilizing the G League as a laboratory for experimentation. The Final Target Score method could be helpful here, also.
Per league data, the average (non-Final Target Score) G League fourth quarter this season has taken 28 minutes, 54 seconds of real time. Fourth quarters played using FTS at the Showcase, however, took an average of 23 minutes, 43 seconds — 5:11 faster than the typical approach. Actual in-game minutes played also show a small reduction, from 12 minutes in the standard setup to an average of 10:22 using Final Target Score. The ability to shorten games and slightly limit player load? That’s a win-win the league surely wouldn’t mind.45
Not all the G League players present for All-Star Weekend shared such a rosy view of the format, though.
South Bay’s Scotty Pippen Jr. hit the game winner in that same Lakers-Ignite game King referenced, but says he’s not sure how he feels about FTS. King himself doesn’t think it’s better or worse than the prior format, just different. And Mac McClung, breakout star of All-Star Weekend with his dunk contest victory, says he prefers the traditional way.
In McClung’s case, maybe that’s due to slightly wounded pride: At the Showcase, he recalls, his memory failed him at the end of a third quarter as the target score setup kicked in. “I totally forgot what was going on,” McClung says with a laugh. “And then all the scores went down, I was like, ‘Oh my gosh.’”
Given the G League’s status as an NBA testing ground, the inclusion of the Final Target Score format this year has some wondering if we could see it in the big leagues soon. While league representatives declined to discuss the key variables being evaluated here, one can hazard a guess at some of the most important factors.
Comebacks are great for viewership and fan engagement, and the NBA surely loves the plethora of double-digit leads being blown this season. More data is needed to determine whether Final Target Score makes comebacks more or less likely, but a default hypothesis of “much less likely” seems fairest, since losing teams have no opportunities to gain extra possessions via fouling. And while game-winning shots would become much more common, true buzzer-beaters would be eliminated, at least if the approach was used in fourth quarters.
Plus there’s the fact that the Final Target Score format provides for one extremely anticlimactic ending possibility: A free throw being the shot that takes a team over the finish line.
“I haven’t had any games end on free throws yet, but I’m sure that’d be a bit of a downer,” King says.
Sixteen of the 63 G League Final Target Score games (or 25 percent) have ended this way. Do fans want that for roughly a quarter of their games? TBT organizers added a rule change in 2020 that made it less likely for games to end on a made free throw — if the defense commits a non-shooting foul with the offense in the bonus, the reward is one free throw plus possession instead of two free throws — and the NBA could look at similar approaches if it wanted to limit this possibility. But to this eye, there’s no fair way to completely eliminate it.
Overtime would also cease to exist if the approach was used in fourth quarters, another unintended trickle-down effect. This dovetails with the chief concern posed by most actual NBA All-Stars surveyed for this story: not just “tradition” for the sake of it, per se, but the loss of elements that have always been part of the sport.
Thirteen of the 15 All-Stars I polled said they’d be flatly against a full-time adoption of Final Target Score in the NBA. (Only Zion Williamson expressed interest in it, while Jaylen Brown was undecided and wanted to consider it further.) Kevin Durant gave a one-word “no;” Bam Adebayo said he didn’t think it would make games more entertaining. Jrue Holiday perhaps summed up the sentiment best, though.
“Free throws [are] a part of the game,” Holiday said. “You still have to go up there and make the free throws. When you’re in the Finals and it’s Game 6, and you need to knock down free throws … It’s part of the game.”
Furthermore, multiple players I talked to considered the possibility of playoff games being decided by the Final Target Score format to be a non-starter. Luckily for them, they shouldn’t expect a change at the NBA level anytime soon.
“Experimenting with our Final Target Score at NBA All-Star competitions and in the G League has given us meaningful insight into both the benefits and drawbacks of the format,” Evan Wasch, NBA VP of basketball strategy & analytics, told FiveThirtyEight in a written statement. “While there are no immediate plans to implement a Final Target Score in NBA regular season or playoff games, we expect to continue to utilize this format in different settings as part of our continual testing and learning process.”
If FTS were ever attempted in the NBA, we’d likely see a limited trial run; preseason-only at first would be a fair bet. And even there, it would probably be confined just to overtime games, or perhaps even only to select overtime situations.46
But whatever your thoughts on it, it’s clear Nick Elam’s brainchild is much more than a novelty at this point. It’s a robust approach to endgame basketball that, while not without its own drawbacks, holds fascinating potential. The world’s largest league taking a serious look at it is just further proof of the concept.
“I think our game is continuing to change,” Brown says. “[At] first thought, it’s interesting. But I guess we’ll see where [it] goes.”
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PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY EMILY SCHERER / GETTY IMAGES
The NBA All-Star break is here — and as is our tradition, that means it’s time to hand out some awards. For some reason, we in the NBA media still call this the “midway point” of the year, even though teams have played nearly 75 percent of the games. It’s not actually midseason, though, so even though we’re going to give out a bunch of superlatives here, we’re not actually going to call them our midseason awards. Think of them more like the post-midseason awards. Or the pre-postseason awards. Or some sort of better name than those.
Anyway, without further ado, let’s give out some imaginary hardware …
Most Outstanding Performance in an Expanded Role: Lauri Markkanen, Jalen Brunson, Joe Mazzulla (three-way tie!)
It was hard to settle on just one candidate in this category, so the awards committee (i.e., me) has decided to allow a trio of winners.
“All-Star (replacement) starter Lauri Markkanen” is probably not something anybody had on their bingo card at the beginning of the season, but here we are. Shattering the typical usage-efficiency curve, The Finnisher is posting career highs in both usage rate (25.4 percent) and true shooting percentage (0.657), spurred by the development of his off-the-bounce game to complement what he’s always provided as a perimeter sniper. He’s already attempted nearly twice as many shots after at least three dribbles as he did last season, and he’s making them at a career-best clip. He’s also vastly exceeding the shooting efficiency we would expect based on the particulars of those shots (according to Second Spectrum’s Quantified Shot Quality metric):
Effective FG percentage, Quantified Shot Quality (qSQ) and Quantified Shooter Impact (qSI) on shots after 3+ dribbles for Lauri Markkanen since the 2018-19 NBA season
| Season | Shot Att. | eFG% | qSQ | qSI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | 152 | 46.1% | 39.1% | +6.9% |
| 2019-20 | 78 | 48.1 | 43.7 | 4.4 |
| 2020-21 | 39 | 56.4 | 47.0 | 9.4 |
| 2021-22 | 65 | 44.6 | 42.5 | 2.2 |
| 2022-23 | 117 | 56.4 | 45.1 | 11.3 |
This is just not the kind of stuff we ever saw him doing (or that his teams wanted him to do) before this year.
Speaking of shattering the usage-efficiency curve, we also have Brunson, who is posting by far the highest usage rate of his career (27.2 percent) and scoring more efficiently than he had in all but one of his prior four seasons. He’s launching threes at a career-high rate (4.7 per 36 minutes) and making more of them than ever (41.1 percent), and posting a career-high assist rate (he’s dimed up 29.2 percent of teammate baskets while on the floor) while turning it over less often than ever before (9.1 percent turnover rate).
The fears that New York would surround Brunson with poor shooting have come to fruition (the Knicks are 23rd in 3-point percentage), and that has unsurprisingly affected his shot quality (it’s at a career low, according to Second Spectrum), but it just has not mattered. Brunson just keeps making shots, in all situations, and especially in crunch time: Only De’Aaron Fox has scored more points in the clutch this season, per NBA Advanced Stats, and Brunson is carrying a 50-40-82 shooting line in the final minutes of close games. He is already easily the team’s best point guard since, I don’t know, Mark Jackson? He’s also got the Knicks entering the break in position to avoid the play-in tournament and sporting the league’s eighth-best point differential.
Finally, there’s Mazzulla, whom the Celtics named permanent head coach on Thursday, removing the interim tag after he led the team to a league-best 42-17 record prior to the break. Mazzulla didn’t even know he’d be coaching the team full-time until late September, but under his leadership Boston is the only team in the NBA with a top-five offense (third) and defense (fifth), leading the NBA in overall point differential, as well as when you adjust for pace and/or opponent strength. That’s just about as good a coaching job as you could ask for — especially considering the Celtics have been without Robert Williams III for most of the season, as well as Marcus Smart for a significant chunk of it. Remaining among the league’s top-five defenses despite that duo playing only 55 percent of possible games and sharing the floor for only 144 minutes is quite the accomplishment.
Best Third Act of a Trilogy: Nikola JokiÄ
The two-time reigning MVP is now a pretty heavy favorite to capture the award for the third consecutive season. (He just ran away with the latest version of Tim Bontemps’ MVP Straw Poll at ESPN.com.) For context, the only players in history to win three MVPs in a row are Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain and Larry Bird. JokiÄ is averaging a freaking triple-double (24.7 points, 11.5 rebounds and 10.1 assists a night) while shooting an absolutely outrageous (and career-best) 63.2 percent from the floor and 39.1 percent from deep. He is once again leading the NBA in PER, win shares per 48 minutes, Box Plus-Minus, Value Over Replacement Player, total RAPTOR, Estimated Plus-Minus and a whole lot more.
The Nuggets’ starters (JokiÄ, Jamal Murray, Kentavious Caldwell-Pope, Aaron Gordon and Michael Porter Jr.) have outscored opponents by 150 points in 416 minutes. Among the 75 five-man units that have spent at least 100 minutes on the floor, the version of that group with Bruce Brown47 in place of Murray has the second-best pace-adjusted scoring margin at plus-20.5 points per 100 possessions, while the Murray unit is fifth-best at plus-16.6 (and the group with Brown in place of MPJ is 21st at plus-9.2 per 100). That sextet of players is going to make the Nuggets extremely scary come playoff time, where JokiÄ has consistently raised his game in his career to date.
Most Overlooked Fantastic Season: Darius Garland
He has been overshadowed by new teammate Donovan Mitchell, but Garland has been just as good as he was during his breakout season a year ago — if not better. In 2021-22, Garland poured in 21.7 points per game on 46-38-89 shooting, along with 8.6 assists a night. This season, Garland is again at 21.7 points per game, this time on 47-42-86 shooting, to go along with 8.0 assists a night. His true shooting percentage is up, his turnover rate is down and he’s getting to the line more often. He’s been a top-20 player in the league so far this year by total RAPTOR, adding just 0.1 fewer points per 100 possessions to the Cavaliers’ scoring margin than Mitchell. The Eastern Conference guard crop being as deep as it is kept Garland off the All-Star team this year; it does not have anything to do with his level of play.
Best Job of Making Himself Indispensable to a Team That Seemed Skeptical: Immanuel Quickley
For some reason, the Knicks for a while seemed intent on finding someone, anyone, who could play ahead of Quickley. That was true during his rookie season, when they traded for Derrick Rose while Elfrid Payton was clearly struggling as the starting point guard. It was true last season, when they started Alec Burks at the point for most of the year after Kemba Walker washed out of Tom Thibodeau’s rotation. And it was even true this season, when they spent the first portion of the year giving Quickley even fewer minutes than he got in his first two NBA seasons.
Yes, Quickley had a dreadful first month of the season, during which he shot just 35.6 percent from the field and 27 percent from beyond the arc. But since the Knicks adjusted their rotation in early December and finally gave Quickley the playing time he had clearly earned, he’s been dynamite: 14.4 points, 3.8 rebounds and 3.3 assists in 30.9 minutes per game, shooting 45.5 percent from the field and 37.2 percent from deep. New York has once again been considerably better with Quickley on the floor than off, and if he keeps up this level of play he could make a push for the Sixth Man of the Year trophy.
In particular, the unlocking of Quickley’s floater game has turned him into a much more effective offensive player. He is one of the highest-volume floater-takers in the NBA, and this year, he’s finally been one of the best at converting those shots.
Effective FG percentage, Quantified Shot Quality (qSQ) and Quantified Shooter Impact (qSI) on floaters for Immanuel Quickley by season
| Season | Floaters | % of FGA | eFG% | qSQ | qSI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-21 | 147 | 25.3% | 35.4% | 35.5% | -0.2% |
| 2021-22 | 128 | 17.7 | 45.7 | 37.1 | 8.6 |
| 2022-23 | 113 | 18.9 | 51.3 | 36.5 | 14.8 |
On defense, though, is where Quickley has really shined. He’s got the best defensive RAPTOR of his career; New York’s defense has been 11.4 points stingier per 100 possessions with him on the floor than on the bench; and he has been one of the league’s most effective pick-and-roll defenders. According to Second Spectrum, opponents have averaged just 0.868 points per play when Quickley’s man has been the ball-handler in a pick and roll, the second-best mark among 88 players who have defended the action at least 500 times so far this season.
Best at Fattening Up Against the Dregs of the League: L.A. Clippers
The Clips are in fifth place in the West. Since returning from his early-season injury management plan and playing more regularly, Kawhi Leonard is averaging 24.5 points, 6.5 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.5 steals in 34.1 minutes per game, shooting 51 percent from the field, 42 percent from deep and 87 percent from the line. In other words, he looks a whole lot like Peak Kawhi. During the same stretch, Paul George is at 22.9 points, 6.1 rebounds, 5.8 assists and 1.4 steals in 34.1 minutes per game with 46-39-89 shooting splits. In other words, he looks a whole lot like Peak PG.
And yet, if you take a deeper look at the Clippers’ track record so far this year, you might see something a bit concerning: L.A. is 23-8 against teams with sub-.500 records … and just 9-20 against teams at .500 or better. All the wins count, but that’s not exactly an encouraging win profile for a team heading into a playoff push.
Best Job of Single-Handedly Winning a Trade for His Team: Walker Kessler
When talking about the Rudy Gobert trade, the first thing most people reference are the FIVE first-round assets (four picks and one swap) the Utah Jazz received from the Minnesota Timberwolves. In the future, though, we might be talking about Kessler first and foremost.
He should be a decade-long fixture, despite basically being an afterthought in this deal. In his 23 games as a starter, Kessler has averaged nearly a double-double (10.8 points and 9.8 rebounds) and blocked an average of 2.3 shots a night. He’s shooting 71 percent from the field, he ranks inside the top 30 in defensive RAPTOR, his rim-protection numbers are actually better than Gobert’s this year and he will cost Utah less than $13.4 million during the run of his rookie contract as the No. 22 overall pick in last year’s draft. You could make a decently convincing argument that receiving Kessler for Gobert straight-up is enough to consider the Jazz the winners of the swap, given the difference in age and salary between the two players.
Best Assemblage of Future Talent That Should Scare the Rest of the NBA: Oklahoma City Thunder
Shai Gilgeous-Alexander is a full-blown superstar, a player who is absolutely impossible to stop from getting to the basket. SGA is leading the league in drives per game (by a lot), and while his sudden aversion to shooting threes is cause for mild concern, you can’t argue with his sky-high free-throw rate and outrageous midrange shooting numbers.
Even if the Thunder just had Shai, they would be scary. But they flank him with Josh Giddey, who since the calendar flipped to January is putting up 18.3 points, 7.1 rebounds and 6.6 assists a night while shooting better than 51 percent from the field; and Jalen Williams, who since becoming a permanent fixture in the starting lineup is at 13.3 points, 4.8 boards, 3.1 assists and 1.6 steals a night and converting 50 percent of his shots … as a rookie, mind you. The combined size of this trio (Shai is 6-foot-6 with a 6-11 wingspan; Giddey is 6-8 with a 6-8 wingspan; and Williams is 6-6 with a 7-2 wingspan) is outrageous, and likely to cause all kinds of problems for opponents.
Oh, and they’ll add Chet Holmgren to the mix next year and beyond. If you could build a player in a lab to fit alongside the aforementioned three players, it would look a lot like the 7-foot-1 Holmgren, who is both an elite rim protector and a plus shooter from the outside. Scary hours, folks.
Honorable mention here goes to the Orlando Magic, who just need some better guard play to take Paolo Banchero and Franz Wagner to an even higher level. Man, are those two guys fun to watch.
Best Ending We’re All Hoping For: The Kings make the playoffs
The last time Sacramento made the postseason was 2006. Two thousand and six!
Do you know how long ago that was? Like, in basketball terms? That Kings team featured a 29-year-old Shareef Abdur-Rahim, who is now 46 and has been the president of the G League for four-plus years. That’s how long ago it was. The Kings offense that ranked 10th in the NBA in scoring that season averaged 98.9 points per night. This season, 29 of the league’s 30 teams are averaging at least 10 more points per game than that.
So now that we’ve established that Sacramento’s last taste of success came in another geologic eon, let’s get the Kings back to the playoffs, folks. The real playoffs, by the way. Not the play-in. (They’re 2.5 games ahead of seventh place heading into the break.) We need this to happen.
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For the second consecutive season, the Brooklyn Nets made a league-shaking deal at the NBA trade deadline. Almost exactly a year after shipping James Harden to the Philadelphia 76ers and just a few days after unceremoniously dumping Kyrie Irving on the Dallas Mavericks, the Nets sent Kevin Durant and T.J. Warren to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Mikal Bridges, Cam Johnson, Jae Crowder,48 first-round picks in 2023, 2025, 2027 and 2029, and the right to swap first-round picks in 2028.
There’s really no way to spin it for the Nets: The KD-and-Kyrie era in Brooklyn was an unmitigated disaster. Durant missed the entire first season while recovering from his torn Achilles, then played in only 129 of 208 possible games across the next two-plus years. Irving made it onto the floor for just 20 games in that first, Durant-less campaign, then did not play with the Nets in the NBA bubble, took an unsanctioned, midseason sabbatical (during which he was spotted partying with Drake), got injured during the team’s one real playoff run, refused to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and elected to sit out more than half the season last year, got suspended for refusing to condemn a virulently anti-Semitic film to which he posted a link on social media and finally torpedoed what was left of this season with his trade demand.
When they actually shared the floor together, the Nets were outrageously good. They blitzed opponents by more than 8 points per 100 possessions (according to PBP Stats) with an offense that would have ranked as the best in league history by a significant margin. In the short time the duo played alongside Harden, they were even more unstoppable. Alas, each spent significantly more time sidelined due to injuries (Durant) or injuries and various off-court shenanigans (Irving) than they did in the lineup. Across the (parts of) four seasons Durant and Irving spent with Brooklyn, the Nets played nearly 2.5 times as many minutes with both players off the floor (6,166) as they did with both players on it (2,587).
In all, the Nets had more superstar trade demands (four, including two by Durant) than playoff series wins (one) during the pair’s time together. That is certainly not what they envisioned when snaking in and landing the pair of superstars in the summer of 2019. Now Brooklyn and its two erstwhile stars (along with their new teams) are all plotting separate courses as they sail off into the NBA’s future.
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Brooklyn is essentially starting over as a franchise, just as it did when general manager Sean Marks was hired to rebuild the team in the wake of the disastrous trade for Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett. Marks has more to work with now (Bridges, Johnson, Spencer Dinwiddie, Dorian Finney-Smith, Nic Claxton, Ben Simmons, Cam Thomas, Royce O’Neale, Seth Curry, Joe Harris, Edmond Sumner and at least some future picks — even if not their own) than he did then, and there’s a really interesting defensive team the Nets can build around Claxton, Bridges, Johnson, Finney-Smith, O’Neale and even Simmons — if he ever recovers his pre-injury form. There is very little in the way of shot-creation among that group, though, and Johnson will be a restricted free agent this coming offseason, so it’s not even a guarantee that he’ll be around for the future.
Still, the Nets do have a surplus of wings from which they can deal and recoup some of the draft picks lost in their various acquisitions over the years, as well as multiple midtier salaries to stack together if they ever decide to pursue another star-caliber player. That’s not nothing, but it’s certainly a far cry from where the Nets were 12 months ago.
Dallas and Phoenix, meanwhile, have gone about as all-in as you possibly can to win the title within the next two years. From the Mavs’ perspective, Irving will be a free agent after this season. And for the Suns, Chris Paul’s salary is partially guaranteed ($15.8 million of $30.8 million) next season and totally non-guaranteed for the 2024-25 campaign. The window may not extend far past this year for either club, at least not in their current iterations.
The Suns have just about as good a top four as there is in the NBA, with Durant and Paul flanking Devin Booker and Deandre Ayton.49 Durant is perhaps the most portable superstar in league history, able to seamlessly fit alongside any type of teammate with relative ease. He’s played — and excelled — with Russell Westbrook, Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, Draymond Green, Irving and Harden. He will work just fine alongside Paul and Booker.
The biggest impact of this trade is that it now guarantees that the Suns can have a premier offensive creator on the floor at all times, assuming coach Monty Williams staggers Durant and Booker in the rotation. The Paul of this season has not been the same #PointGod that we’re used to, and even over the past two seasons the Suns offense did not operate at as high a level in the minutes Paul played without Booker as it did when Booker played without Paul or the duo shared the floor.
Offensive rating (points scored per 100 possessions) for the Phoenix Suns based on whether Chris Paul, Devin Booker or both were on the court, 2021-23
| Combo | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul + Booker | 120.4 | 120.2 | 120.6 |
| Booker | 120.3 | 118.4 | 121.3 |
| Paul | 113.2 | 112.7 | 112.1 |
Luckily, Durant is an elite offense unto himself, singularly capable of putting the ball in the net from anywhere on the floor, in any way imaginable. His proficiency as a scorer in isolation, in the pick and roll, in the post, as a spot-up shooter and coming off screens is unrivaled. The gravity he has as a shooter and scorer opens things up everywhere else on the floor; this has been consistent from season to season, and team to team. Booker and Paul are going to have the most open looks of their careers, and they’re already high-level shooters to begin with.
The Suns were the league’s top non-Nets midrange-shooting team over the past two seasons due to the combined prowess of Paul and Booker in that area,50 and adding Durant to the mix will make them even more dangerous there. During the Second Spectrum era,51 there are 73 players who have attempted at least 1,000 shots from outside the paint and inside the 3-point line; among that group, Durant ranks first in shooting percentage above expectation, while Paul ranks fifth and Booker checks in 13th. With the way defenses now orient themselves around forcing opponents to take those shots, having not one, not two, but three players capable of punishing them for doing so is an extremely valuable weapon — especially in the playoffs.
Defensively, it’s tough to lose Bridges, who was an inner-circle Defensive Player of the Year candidate last season and is one of the small handful of best perimeter defenders in basketball. Johnson and Crowder are each quality defenders in different ways, though not on the same level as Bridges. In trading all of them, though, the Suns went from having a ton of bodies to throw at, well … Kevin Durant-like scorers on opposing teams to suddenly not having very many. (Though acquiring Darius Bazley from the Oklahoma City Thunder in a separate deal could theoretically help.)
But prior to injury, Durant was playing at an All-Defense level this season, and what he lacks compared with Bridges as a perimeter stopper, he makes up for as a rim protector and help defender. (And it’s not like he’s a slouch one-on-one, either.) Among 114 players who have challenged at least 3 shots per game, according to NBA Advanced Stats, Durant has allowed the 22nd-lowest field goal percentage when within five feet of both the shooter and the basket. He should be able to help Ayton patrol the back line, and cover up for the mistakes made by the players in front of them.
As for Dallas, Irving should thrive playing alongside Luka DonÄiÄ — at least offensively. He has ample experience playing with a creator of DonÄiÄ’s caliber (of which there aren’t very many) thanks to his years teaming with LeBron James, and he showed during both that stint and his short time with Durant in Brooklyn that he is capable of consistently punishing defenses as both a primary and second-side threat. Irving’s ability to excel both on and off the ball makes him an ideal partner for DonÄiÄ in that he can work as a spot-up shooter, cutter and back-side creator when Luka is in the game, then take the controls of the offense when DonÄiÄ hits the bench. Dallas’s efficiency at that end has consistently fallen off without DonÄiÄ on the floor, and Irving at least gives them a shot of staying afloat in those minutes. It’s what the Mavs had with Jalen Brunson last year, but with everything done at an even higher level. (Of course, Dallas could have just signed Brunson to an extension at almost any point before he had clearly outplayed their potential offer and allowed his eyes to wander elsewhere, but them’s the breaks.)
Defensively, it’s going to be quite an adventure for Dallas. The Mavs were already somewhat thin on big-wing type players, and sent out Finney-Smith in the deal. By adding Irving, they guarantee that they’ll have at least three questionable defenders in their starting lineup (Irving, DonÄiÄ and Christian Wood), and it seems highly improbable that the likes of Reggie Bullock, Josh Green and Maxi Kleber will be able to cover for that trio, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Dwight Powell. After jumping from 20th in defensive efficiency in their final season under former coach Rick Carlisle to sixth in their first year with Jason Kidd, the Mavs are down to 22nd already this year, and figure to get worse down the stretch.
This is now the Mavericks’ second attempt at securing DonÄiÄ a suitable co-star, after the failed experiment with Kristaps PorziÅÄ£is. There is not as much future-asset risk this time around, given that the Mavs sent only one first-round pick to Brooklyn (as opposed to the two they traded to the Knicks),52 but with Irving’s contract expiring at the end of the season and the fact that he generally cannot be relied upon, it’s no surprise that plugged-in ESPN reporter Tim MacMahon has repeatedly used the phrase “test drive” when referring to what the Mavs are doing with Kyrie. If things don’t work out the rest of this season, they can either let him walk or try to work a sign-and-trade this summer. Sending out Dinwiddie, Finney-Smith and a first-round pick will have been a heck of a price to have paid for that privilege, but the Mavericks obviously felt the risk was worth it.
Even if that’s true, though, it’s likely only true in the near term, just as is the case for Phoenix. Durant is 34 years old. Paul is 37 and, as mentioned, on the decline. Both players have missed significant time due to injuries in recent years, including this season. Paul hasn’t made it through a playoff run without some sort of injury in seemingly forever. Irving is younger, at 30, but that’s still starting to be on the wrong side of when NBA players traditionally peak. (And that’s before accounting for all the various off-court reasons his prime and/or career and/or tenure in Dallas could be on the shorter side.) The timeline on the picks the Suns traded to get KD far outlasts Paul’s contract, and goes four years beyond Durant’s as well. The last of the four picks even outlasts Booker’s extension. There is significant long-term risk attached to both trades; but the Suns and Mavs obviously felt the potential for maximum payoff in the immediate future was worth it. Now, in a wide-open Western Conference, we get to see if either team is right.
Turning to the realm of somewhat less earth-shattering trades, the lead-up to Thursday’s deadline was still plenty eventful. So in the tradition of what we did last year, let’s break each buyer into a few categories based on how much they used this week to improve ahead of the stretch run and the playoffs.
Both Los Angeles teams made big moves at the deadline.
Days after trading for Rui Hachimura, the Lakers made a series of deals to reshape what felt like their entire roster, ultimately sending out Russell Westbrook, Thomas Bryant, Patrick Beverley, Juan Toscano-Anderson, Damian Jones, a top-four protected 2027 first-round pick and a second-round pick and receiving D’Angelo Russell, Malik Beasley, Jarred Vanderbilt, Mo Bamba, Davon Reed and three second-round picks. The moves should at least transform the geography of the court for the Lakers. They entered the deadline averaging just 31.1 3-point attempts per game as a team, and in Russell (7.0) and Beasley (8.6) alone they added a pair of players who have combined to take more than half that many per game by themselves. Vanderbilt and Bamba give them more athleticism in the frontcourt, and Reed has at times shown himself capable of filling a 3-and-D role. Sending out Westbrook may be a case of addition by subtraction, and in dealing only one of their future first-round picks instead of two, the Lakers did retain the ability to make some more moves this summer.
Our RAPTOR-based projection system loved these moves, bumping the Lakers’ playoff chances all the way up to 39 percent. But that still leaves them short of being a strong bet to make the postseason, let alone embark on a deep run. (Side note: Russell was traded away from Los Angeles in 2017, in a deal that netted the Lakers the draft rights to Kyle Kuzma. In 2021, Kuzma was part of the trade that landed Westbrook with the Lakers. And this week, Westbrook was traded in a deal that landed Russell back in L.A. You can’t make this stuff up.)
Their Crypto.com Arena brethren, meanwhile, shipped Luke Kennard to Memphis, John Wall to Houston and Reggie Jackson (plus a second-round pick) to Charlotte and two second-round picks to Denver, receiving Mason Plumlee, Eric Gordon, Bones Hyland and three second-round picks in exchange. The Clippers will reportedly be a contender for Westbrook’s services once he’s bought out by the Utah Jazz, so he could be added to the mix as well. Plumlee allows the Clippers to have 48 minutes of quality center play, whether he serves as the starter or the backup to Ivica Zubac. Gordon provides a bit more in the way of off-the-dribble creativity than Kennard (along with better positional size and strength), and Hyland is absolutely worth a flier given his ability to shoot threes off the dribble. The Clippers are still a phenomenally weird team, but if Kawhi Leonard and Paul George are healthy, they’re also a dangerous one, and they added a trio of pieces that can help them in different ways.
Much like the Lakers reunited with an old friend in Russell, so too did the Toronto Raptors with Jakob Poeltl and Golden State Warriors with Gary Payton II. The Raps sent Khem Birch, a protected 2024 first-round pick and two second-rounders to San Antonio for Poeltl, whom they had traded to the Spurs as part of the Kawhi Leonard deal a few years back. Despite being sent to the Raptors, Poeltl is not a 6-foot-8 combo forward. He’s a center, which is something that the team has clearly needed this year. His rim protection and passing (he’s averaging a career-high 3.1 assists per game) should help the team on both ends.
Golden State first sent former No. 2 overall pick James Wiseman to the Detroit Pistons for Kevin Knox and five second-round picks, then spun Knox and the picks over to the Portland Trail Blazers and received GPII in return. The Dubs have been looking for reliable bench pieces throughout the season, and they already know Steve Kerr can trust Payton, much as he did last season. He should be a valuable contributor once again, particularly on defense.
Elsewhere, the New York Knicks, New Orleans Pelicans and Milwaukee Bucks all went out to shop at the 3-and-D market.
New York sent Cam Reddish, Svi Mykhailiuk, Ryan Arcidiacono and a protected first-round pick to the Blazers for Josh Hart, reuniting him with former college teammate Jalen Brunson. New York acquired the Thibs-iest available player last offseason in Brunson, and did it again at the deadline by landing Hart. The league’s best small-man rebounder, Hart should help immediately off the bench. His contract is a strange one, with a player option for next season that is totally non-guaranteed if he picks it up. You have to figure the Knicks plan on re-signing Hart if he declines it.
New Orleans shipped Devonte’ Graham and four second-round picks to the Spurs for Josh Richardson, a nice rotation piece who can play anywhere on the perimeter — which should help him fit right in among the Pellies’ cadre of wing players. He’s on an expiring contract, so this is probably a rental for New Orleans, but it’s a good one. The Bucks finally consummated their long-rumored trade for Jae Crowder by sending five second-rounders to the Nets after he was sent to Brooklyn in the Durant deal. Remember how the Bucks won the title a couple of years ago with P.J. Tucker hounding opposing scorers? They’ll probably ask Crowder to do a whole lot of that, and hopefully hit some threes along the way as well.
The Minnesota Timberwolves are seemingly hoping that their part of the trade that landed Russell in L.A. will work as addition by subtraction, and that having an adult in the room will help Anthony Edwards along in his development. The Wolves acquired Mike Conley and Nickeil Alexander-Walker in that swap. Conley’s lower usage rate allows Edwards to handle the ball more often, and his calmer playing style should help the Wolves in half-court settings. It doesn’t hurt that Conley had terrific chemistry in Utah with Rudy Gobert, and could potentially help salvage what right now does not look like the best trade in NBA history.
The Boston Celtics targeted big-man depth, and came away with Mike Muscala after sending Justin Jackson and two second-round picks to the Oklahoma City Thunder. Muscala brings something a bit different than both Robert Williams III and Al Horford, in that he is basically just a center-sized shooting guard. (He’s launching 8.2 3-pointers per 36 minutes this season, and that’s actually on the low side for him.) He’s connected on 38 percent of his treys during his career, giving one of the NBA’s best offenses yet another sniper.
The Philadelphia 76ers flipped Matisse Thybulle to the Portland Trail Blazers in a three-team deal that netted them Jalen McDaniels from the Charlotte Hornets. McDaniels is not quite the steals-and-deflections maven that Thybulle is, but at 6-foot-9 he has better size and strength — and, crucially, he is much more willing to let it fly from beyond the arc. McDaniels has made only 34 percent of his threes in his career, but he’s also had two seasons at or around 38 percent. That makes him a much more playable piece for the Sixers than his predecessor.
Finally, the Denver Nuggets, sitting in first place in the Western Conference, targeted a backup big man. They sent Davon Reed and three second-rounders to the Lakers in exchange for the aforementioned Thomas Bryant, who has pretty much always been productive when given an opportunity. That opportunity was set to decline in L.A., and while it won’t actually get much larger in Denver, he’s an upgrade on the DeAndre Jordan/Zeke Nnaji platoon the Nuggets had been using behind two-time reigning MVP Nikola Jokic.
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PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY EMILY SCHERER / USATODAY SPORTS VIA REUTERS / GETTY IMAGES
While it has been far from a banner season for the Los Angeles Lakers, one bright spot has been LeBron James’s pursuit of an NBA record that was once considered unbreakable: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s all-time scoring mark of 38,387 career points. After James notched 27 points against the New Orleans Pelicans on Saturday, his lifetime tally of 38,352 sits just 35 points shy of Abdul-Jabbar’s record.
Since James has scored at least 35 points in 11 of the 43 games he’s played this season (about 26 percent of the time), there is a decent chance he ties or breaks the record Tuesday night against the Oklahoma City Thunder — and he is all but certain to break it by Thursday’s game against the Milwaukee Bucks.53 Although NBA players are usually measured more on championships and per-game output than raw totals, the scoring record will regardless be one of the shinier items on James’s long list of career accomplishments — one that truly underscores his longevity, durability and continued production, even at age 38 (and counting).
One way we can see this is by comparing James’s career points with Abdul-Jabbar’s over time, through each game of their careers. It may surprise contemporary fans to know that Abdul-Jabbar had more points through each and every game of their respective careers up until Game No. 1,120; the 33 points LeBron scored then, on Feb. 25, 2018, finally allowed him to overtake Abdul-Jabbar’s pace — and he’s never looked back since. While Abdul-Jabbar’s point total followed a gently arcing path during the late stages of his career, reflecting the normal career trajectory that sees a player’s production tail off as he ages, James’s total has steadily increased along roughly the same straight line it always has, perhaps even getting steeper in recent seasons as he approached the record number.
Thanks to his remarkable ability to defy Father Time, James should be able to chase down Abdul-Jabbar’s career scoring mark in about 150 fewer games than it took the great sky-hooking big man to originally compile it.
There is another important explanation for the difference in scoring pace between the two legends, however. By virtue of being able to skip college basketball and leap straight to the pros out of high school in 2003, James also got a sizable head start on Abdul-Jabbar, who played four years at UCLA (three on the varsity team) before being drafted No. 1 by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1969.54 By the time James was the age Abdul-Jabbar was on the day of his NBA debut (22 years and 185 days), LeBron already had 8,439 career NBA points.
That’s also why, by the time Abdul-Jabbar got to James’s current total of 1,409 games, he was nearly two and a half years older than James is now, and his production was seriously slowing. But the head start of skipping college wasn’t exactly an automatic record-breaking cheat code for James, either. It’s worth pointing out that other preps-to-pros stars — such as Kobe Bryant, Kevin Garnett, Tracy McGrady and Dwight Howard — ran out of steam well before the age at which LeBron is currently maintaining his greatness. (Bryant was 37 years and 234 days old on the date of his 60-point career finale — about six months younger than James is right now.)
And besides, if his place on the timeline of basketball history gave James an advantage earlier generations lacked, it also gives him an opportunity. LeBron is currently averaging 30.0 points per game this season — well above his career average of 27.2 — and presumably has a number of good years left in the tank, especially if he plays into his 40s the way Abdul-Jabbar did. That will give him a unique chance to push the NBA's all-time scoring record to even greater heights: If Abdul-Jabbar left it in the stratosphere, James might leave it in the mesosphere or even the thermosphere. And that means this time, the record really, truly might be unbreakable for future generations of NBA stars.
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David Zalubowski / AP Photo
Typically, when an NBA player finally puts together the best season of his career, it’s the result of some sort of expansion in his game. He adds some stretch to his jumper, improves his ball-handling, finds the balance between scoring and playmaking, or at long last masters the nuances of team defense.
Such is not the case with Denver Nuggets forward Aaron Gordon, who in the ninth year of his career is doing the most, mostly by doing less than ever before. According to most all-in-one metrics, Gordon has been a top-30 player in the league this season: He checks in 23rd in Estimated Plus-Minus, 28th in ESPN’s Real Plus-Minus and 29th in FiveThirtyEight’s RAPTOR plus/minus — each of which peg him as being worth between 3.9 and 4.6 points per 100 possessions to the Nuggets’ scoring margin so far this season. In the cases of EPM and RAPTOR, the figures also are by far the best of Gordon’s career to date.
As mentioned, though, Gordon has achieved these results not through an increase in his role, but by narrowing its focus.
Back in 2016, when Gordon was still with the Orlando Magic, he practically gushed about the possibility of expanding his game under then-incoming head coach Frank Vogel. He told ESPN’s Zach Lowe, “I’m gonna be like a third guard. I’ll have a much bigger ball-handling responsibility, and I’m all for that.”
That’s a far cry from what he told The Denver Post last month: “If I need to hit threes, I’ll hit threes. If I need to post up, I’ll post up. If I need to make plays, I’ll make plays. If I need to just rebound and do dirty work and play defense, I’ll do that. I’m here to do anything that I can to help this team win a championship, to help [Nikola JokiÄ] win a championship, to help Jamal [Murray] win a championship, to help Michael Malone win a championship. That’s it. Winning is the end-all, be-all, so I’ll do whatever it takes to win.”
To his credit, Gordon has put his money where his mouth is. According to Second Spectrum tracking data, for example, Gordon has been directly involved in fewer actions per 100 possessions this season than at any time in his career.
The Nuggets hardly ever run plays for him. Instead, Gordon makes a living offensively by lurking on the edges of the action. He slices through the defense with perfectly-timed cuts. He has become extremely adept at ducking deep into the lane, sealing his man and giving JokiÄ a huge target to hit with a pass. When on the weak side, he spaces properly and punishes closing-out defenders by making quick shoot-pass-drive decisions.
And at the tail end of his plays, he finishes quite often with dunks. Sooooo many dunks. Like, an absurd number of dunks. So far this year, an incredible 27.8 percent of Gordon’s shot attempts have been dunks. How outlandish is that? Consider the following: Last season, when Gordon established a new career high with 130 slams (far surpassing his previous mark of 104, set back in 2018-19), dunks accounted for 17.3 percent of his shot attempts.
Gordon accumulated those 130 jams in 75 games, meaning he powered the ball through the rim 1.73 times per night. Again, that was his career high. So far this season, the Nuggets have played 52 games, of which Gordon has participated in 46. And he already has 125 (ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY FIVE!) dunks. That is almost a full dunk more per game (2.72) than he had last year. He’ll soon set a new career high once again, perhaps by the time you’re reading this sentence.
Dunks per game and dunks as a share of all shot attempts for Aaron Gordon by season
| Season | Team(s) | Dunks | Dunks/GM | Dunks/FGA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | ORL | 22 | 0.47 | 12.50% |
| 2016 | ORL | 72 | 0.92 | 13.10 |
| 2017 | ORL | 99 | 1.24 | 12.40 |
| 2018 | ORL | 92 | 1.59 | 11.10 |
| 2019 | ORL | 104 | 1.33 | 10.90 |
| 2020 | ORL | 88 | 1.42 | 12.40 |
| 2021 | ORL/DEN | 52 | 1.04 | 11.40 |
| 2022 | DEN | 130 | 1.73 | 17.30 |
| 2023 | DEN | 125 | 2.72 | 27.80 |
Unsurprisingly, a fair number of those dunks have been created by JokiÄ. According to Second Spectrum, no player has assisted a teammate on more dunks than the 60 on which JokiÄ has assisted Gordon.55 If those 60 dunks were Gordon’s only dunks of the season, he would still be tied with LeBron James and sit ahead of Jayson Tatum (57) in total dunks. That’s how often JokiÄ is finding Gordon for the easiest finishes.
So it’s no wonder that this has been (by far) the most efficient shooting season of Gordon’s career: Shots within 3 feet of the basket (i.e., dunks and layups) make up a majority of his attempts for the first time ever, while he now rarely attempts long or even medium-length midrange shots.
Gordon has benefited greatly from being attached to JokiÄ in the Nuggets’ rotation. Denver used to match JokiÄ and Murray, but the chemistry between JokiÄ and Gordon has led to a change, and you now rarely see Gordon on the floor without the two-time reigning MVP. He has been on the floor sans JokiÄ for just 16.1 percent of his minutes played this season, according to PBP Stats, and a significant share of those minutes have come in the games when JokiÄ has sat out.
It makes sense that Denver would pair the duo together. The Nuggets have absolutely demolished their opponents with JokiÄ and Gordon on the floor at the same time. Across 1,165 minutes, they have a plus-14.3 net rating, according to PBP Stats. That’s compared with plus-3.5 in JokiÄ-only minutes, plus-3.0 in Gordon-only minutes, and minus-12.9 in the minutes with both on the bench.
The reason they fit so well is that they accentuate each other’s strengths while mitigating each other’s weaknesses. When Gordon was tasked with creating his own offense, his efficiency suffered. But there is perhaps no greater creator of efficient offense in the league today than JokiÄ, and he has weaponized Gordon as an elite play-finisher.
Meanwhile, JokiÄ is not a particularly mobile, nimble or versatile defender. But Gordon is one of the NBA’s most athletic players, and one who can handle just about any defensive assignment the Nuggets throw his way. According to Bball-Index, Gordon ranks 37th out of 306 players who have played 500 or more minutes this season in Matchup Difficulty, and is one of just 25 players who has guarded point guards, shooting guards, small forwards, power forwards and centers on at least 12 percent of his half-court defensive possessions each. He’s also one of just seven players56 who appears on both of those lists.
That type of synergy between frontcourt players is enviable, and it makes Gordon fit like a glove alongside the most important player on his team. His versatile skill set also means he can fit equally as well alongside Denver’s supersized 3-point sniper Michael Porter Jr. as he does with miniature Swiss Army knife Bruce Brown. He and Kentavious Caldwell-Pope can smother opposing scorers. He and Brown and Bones Hyland can get out on the break, while he and Murray can provide disparately challenging inverted pick-and-roll partners for JokiÄ. Michael Malone has been reluctant to use Gordon as a small-ball center (only 15 non-garbage-time possessions this season, according to Cleaning the Glass), but probably could against certain opponents if he wanted to.
Such is the benefit of a player with Gordon’s skill and athleticism and, now, willingness to do whatever is asked of him. While his All-Star candidacy ultimately fell short, that doesn't diminish what he's accomplished this year. It sometimes takes a while for hyper-competent role players on contenders to get their recognition, after all. But if Gordon continues to play at this level, the Nuggets will continue to win — and the accolades will eventually follow. Even if they don't, there's something to be said for recognizing that the best way you can contribute is by doing only the things you do best, as best as you can, and then doing exactly that.
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After making just their second playoff appearance in nearly 20 years, the Minnesota Timberwolves entered full win-now mode with a blockbuster trade during the offseason — sending five players and four first-round picks to the Utah Jazz in exchange for superstar center Rudy Gobert. The expectation was that pairing Gobert with fellow All-Star big Karl-Anthony Towns would form a dominant frontcourt duo and allow the franchise to continue its ascent.
While there’s still a chance that could happen, that has yet to be the case for Minnesota (24-25). Just past the midpoint of the season, the team sits ninth in the Western Conference and has hovered around .500 practically all season. While competing in the middle of the pack was viewed as a sign of progress for this team last season, that’s no longer the case after last season’s success and the acquisition of a player as decorated as Gobert.
In an interview after the trade, Gobert said his goal was to compete for a championship with this team. But how has the trade affected his play on the court? And has his addition to the team actually made the Timberwolves any better?
At first glance, Gobert’s performance this season appears comparable to what he did with Utah in the past. He’s averaging a double-double in points (13.3) and rebounds (11.6) while also recording over one block (1.3) per game. He’s also shooting 67.8 percent from the field, which ranks second-best in the NBA. But with a closer look, you’ll find that this has been one of the worst statistical seasons of the big man’s 10-year career.
Gobert’s 13.3 points per game are the second-fewest he’s averaged since taking over as a full-time starter for the Jazz in 2014-15. And his 1.3 blocks and 0.8 assists per game are the fewest he has posted since his rookie season. If that holds up, this would be the only season since his rookie year that Gobert didn’t average at least two blocks per game. (It also would be the first year that he didn’t finish among the top 10 in the league in the category.)
Moreover, Gobert’s on-court impact has been surprisingly limited. After posting a career-best RAPTOR plus/minus of +7.8 in 2020-21 and following that up with a strong +6.9 mark last year, his RAPTOR is down to +1.7 this season — the second-worst performance of his career (again, ahead of only his rookie year). And according to NBA Advanced Stats, we’ve never seen a more porous Gobert-led defensive effort. Minnesota’s defensive efficiency rating with Gobert on the court, 108.7, is the worst that he’s ever had, and his team’s -1.2 net rating while he’s in the game is the lowest since his rookie season.
Those are not exactly the results a team would expect when trading for a three-time defensive player of the year, particularly given what the T-Wolves’ needs were coming into the season.
Last year, Minnesota had one of the best offenses in the NBA, leading the league in points per game, and the team also posted a top-10 offensive efficiency rating (114.3). But it was also among the worst defensive teams, giving up 113.3 points a night — the seventh-most in the NBA last season. One of the main goals of the Gobert deal was to improve at that end of the court.
Since trading for Gobert, Minnesota has taken a step back offensively, which — to an extent — was to be expected. The biggest knock on the French big man has been his limited offensive game. Although the team is scoring nearly the exact same amount of points per game this year (115.3), which would have been tied for the fourth-most last season, the league has caught up. This season, Minnesota is ranked 11th in points per game, and the team has fallen to 20th in offensive efficiency (113.6). But the surprising part is the lack of improvement Minnesota has shown on defense. Even with Gobert playing 40 out of a possible 49 games, the team is allowing the league’s 11th-most points (115.6), only a four-spot improvement from last year. And its defensive efficiency rating is actually worse this season, rising from 111.2 to 113.4.
With the addition of Gobert, the thought was that pairing a defense-minded big with a skilled, shooting big like Towns would allow both players to make up for each other’s deficiencies, but that simply hasn’t been the case so far. Before Towns was forced to miss time due to a calf injury, the two weren’t even among the Timberwolves’ top two-man lineups. Of the 19 pairs to log 400 or more minutes on the court together this season, Gobert and Towns have the worst offensive rating (106.6) and the seventh-worst net rating (-0.7).
Minnesota’s new big man hasn’t been much better with the team’s other young star, Anthony Edwards, either: The pair also has a -0.7 net rating when sharing the floor. And in the limited time that all three stars are on the court together, the production has been mixed. While it has been one of the team’s better defensive combos, posting a 106.6 defensive rating (second-best among three-man units on the team this season), the Gobert-Towns-Edwards trio has been the second-worst offensively of any three-man lineup with more than 350 minutes together this season (with a 107.4 offensive rating). That has led the trio’s overall net rating to just barely break-even (+0.8 points per 100 possessions) despite its abundance of talent.
It’s still too early to tell whether this newly formed Timberwolves core can eventually be good enough to play at the championship level Gobert referred to before the season. But it is clearly off to a bad start, and it is concerning that the big-ticket acquisition of Gobert has yet to make the team much better … if at all.
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Jacob Kupferman / Getty Images
The NBA is in the midst of an offensive explosion, with 14 of the best 15 historical offensive ratings for teams coming in the past four seasons. The Boston Celtics currently boast the third-best offensive rating in NBA history,57 and like so many teams in the new, high-scoring NBA, they do it in part by overloading the floor with shooting. Though they’ve cooled a bit from deep since the start of the season, they’re one of only 13 teams in history to attempt at least 40 triples per game, and they’re connecting on 37.1 percent with four rotation players58 over 40 percent.
Why, then, in crunch time of their Nov. 14 game against the Oklahoma City Thunder — to take just one example — did the Celtics opt to utilize MVP candidate Jayson Tatum on a post-up, far inside the 3-point arc, executing what many consider an outdated and obsolete type of play?
For one reason, it was because Tatum is one of the game’s best overall scorers and was guarded in single-coverage by the opponent’s point guard. (It also worked: Tatum used his body to create space, took one dribble and pivoted to the rim for the inside-hand layup, helping the Celtics eventually grab the W.) But there’s another good reason: Because post-ups are actually the most efficient play in basketball.
Points per chance by play type during the 2022-23 NBA season
| Play type | Frequency per 100 possessions | Points per chance |
|---|---|---|
| Post-up | 5.9 | 1.035 |
| Isolation | 17.8 | 0.992 |
| Handoff | 21.3 | 0.980 |
| Pick | 68.9 | 0.979 |
How did posting up go from “deader than dead” to the NBA’s best play? And does this mean big men are really having their revival at long last? (While centers may have been the purveyors of post-up buckets in decades past, forwards have actually surpassed them in post-up frequency — perhaps giving credence to Dr. James Naismith’s original positional conception of “forward” being the main attacking position.)
Still, we should pump the brakes a bit on any notion that the days of Patrick Ewing and Hakeem Olajuwon are upon us once again. Perhaps the most rudimentary explanation for the renewed success of the post-up is a form of selection bias: The play is now reserved mostly for those who do it best. Post-ups occur only 5.887 times per 100 possessions, and the 20 players with the most post-ups on the season combine for nearly half (43.6 percent) of the league’s total post-ups. Nikola JokiÄ accounts for an absurd 4.7 percent of leaguewide post-ups on his own. Only four teams, excluding the Denver Nuggets themselves, have posted up more than JokiÄ on his own this season,59 and he scores 1.263 points per chance on such plays. (The best offense in the league scores 1.065 points per chance.)
As a point of comparison, the 20 players with the most pick-and-rolls in the league combine for just over a quarter (26.9 percent) of the league’s total pick and rolls, per Second Spectrum. If the NBA’s pick-and-roll leaders — Luka DonÄiÄ, for example, scoring 1.124 points per chance on pick and rolls — contributed more significantly to the total share of such plays, the play type would be more successful than its current 0.979 points per chance (but of course, it would also be used at a much lower frequency per 100 possessions).
Thinking about post-ups in a vacuum, however, misses what makes them so valuable in the current NBA. The league is shifting away from static plays of any kind, and toward a fluid state of multiple actions layered on top of one another. The post-up as a primary playcall, with a ball handler dribbling downcourt and dumping the ball into the post, where a center promptly battles another center before shooting, is finished; that precise sequence has happened only twice this season.60
Post-ups are now becoming dynamic. The percentage of post-ups that have featured a positional mismatch — with a center defended by a guard or forward (or a forward defended by a guard) — has increased from approximately one-quarter in 2013-14 to just over half this season, per Second Spectrum. Those mismatches have to come from somewhere, and such advantages can be created by other events on the court — like pick and rolls or handoffs — before being converted into points via the post.
The dropping frequency of the post-up has coincided with the rise of the hand-off. Similar to picks, approximately a quarter of hand-offs result in switches this season, creating a potentially advantageous mismatch. (Less than 10 percent of hand-offs were switched by the defense in 2013-14.) And as leaguewide frequency for post-ups has plummeted by almost 6 plays per 100 possessions from 2013-14 to today, hand-off frequency has increased by almost 8 plays per 100 possessions. But a post-up can flow out of a hand-off, especially after the defense is forced to switch or rotate or open up some other weakness.
At the bare minimum, using a pick-and-roll and/or a hand-off to flow into a post-up can make sure that help defenders are as far away from the offensive player as possible, giving him plenty of time to work alone in the post.
There are correlations between the players who are best at posting up, those best at hand-offs and their teams’ offensive efficiency. JokiÄ and Sacramento Kings center Domantas Sabonis are two of the league’s most efficient and frequent post players, and so too are they the two most frequent hand-off providers. And both of their teams currently rank among the top 5 highest offensive ratings in history.
One common thread is that JokiÄ and Sabonis are brilliant scorers and passers; using them in either capacity out of the post is a good tactic. That’s not unusual: Across the league, possessions with passes coming out of the post carry practically the same efficiency as possessions seeing shots coming off of post-ups. For today’s multi-talented bigs, the post can be used as a vehicle between every kind of event on the court, rather than an end in and of itself.
And yet, in the entirety of Second Spectrum’s database (beginning in 2013-14), 2022-23’s post-ups are the both most efficient play type on record and the least frequent. In fact, post-ups have been the most efficient and least frequent play type in every season in the database other than 2013-14 (when it was the most efficient and second-least frequent play type).
Frequency and efficiency for NBA post-ups by season, 2014-23
| Season | Post-ups per 100 possessions | Points Per Chance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-14 | 12.4 | 0.899 | ||
| 2014-15 | 11.9 | 0.890 | ||
| 2015-16 | 10.4 | 0.902 | ||
| 2016-17 | 9.4 | 0.934 | ||
| 2017-18 | 8.7 | 0.942 | ||
| 2018-19 | 8.6 | 0.975 | ||
| 2019-20 | 7.0 | 0.975 | ||
| 2020-21 | 7.0 | 0.999 | ||
| 2021-22 | 6.4 | 1.000 | ||
| 2022-23 | 5.9 | 1.035 |
There is an inherent tension in a play slowly growing in efficiency yet shrinking in usage. Are teams now using post-ups too infrequently? Will there be diminishing returns if they’re used more often again? With (most) teams in the league maximizing efficiency and applying Moneyball principles to the NBA, there must exist to some extent a relative “objective” equilibrium between frequency and efficiency of individual play types.
Other factors impacting where such an equilibrium might settle haven’t shifted dramatically for the past few seasons. While 3-point attempts have generally been on the rise over the past few decades in the NBA, they’ve been stable for the last four seasons. So too has 3-point accuracy and pace.
But unless the rules change, or post-up artists like JokiÄ and Sabonis lose their skills to alien invaders in a real-life Space Jam situation, it’s hard to see plays in the post becoming less efficient. More likely, their frequency could rise at some point. And wings like Tatum are perhaps the next frontier in the post-up’s reclamation of offensive attention. The Toronto Raptors last season went all-in on non-big post-ups. Wings like DeMar DeRozan have long been post-up wizards. But as post-ups are becoming tools to punish mismatches created elsewhere, or a means of chaining together events like hand-offs and pick-and-rolls, the wing’s ability in the post will be an important tool in any necromantic resurrection of the play.
The day of the post-up receiving the first billing is likely done; no realistic amount of equilibrium shift can undo so many years of tactical evolution. Teams can certainly turn to the post for simple, static buckets at times — like the Celtics did with Tatum against the Thunder. And it’s important to remember that modern NBA offensive sets are often in flux, with multiple pieces flowing together like a complex ballet. How post-ups can fit into the theater around them, as finishing moments to exploit mismatches or as continuation events to move players or the ball across the floor, is changing. There are now many advantageous uses for the post-up in the NBA. And as its efficiency continues to rise, teams are poised to recommit to more and more of them.
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KEVORK DJANSEZIAN / GETTY IMAGES
It’s usually a special occasion when LeBron James has one of his patented statistical eruptions. In Monday’s victory over the Houston Rockets, James notched a hyper-efficient 48 points, to go with eight rebounds, nine assists and zero turnovers. It was an eye-popping output to help carry his short-handed Los Angeles Lakers — even from the player who keeps defying Father Time.
But in this NBA season — and the modern NBA more generally — LeBron’s explosion was just another piece in the league’s big-game puzzle. Several weeks earlier, Luka DonÄiÄ posted the NBA’s second 60-point triple double ever, and then followed that up with a 51-6-9 stat line four days later. Two nights after that, Cleveland Cavaliers guard Donovan Mitchell poured in 71(!) points against Michael Jordan’s former team — more than MJ himself ever mustered in a game — to go with eight rebounds and 11 assists. And one day after that, Milwaukee Bucks forward Giannis Antetokounmpo went for a comparatively tame 55 points, 10 rebounds and seven assists.
These are just a few of the gaudy performances that have seemingly come a dime a dozen in the NBA this season … and it’s not clear when they’ll stop. In fact, we can demonstrate this visually. Using Basketball-Reference.com’s Game Score metric (which measures single-game statistical output using all of a player’s box score numbers), you can see that the average team leader61 in game-by-game performance per 100 possessions has never been stuffing the stat sheet better in modern NBA history:
Critically, at this point in the season (more than halfway in), this overall mark implies that it’s not just one-off herculean performances like those of James, DonÄiÄ and Mitchell clouding our perception that individual player outputs are getting bigger and bigger. And it’s not just scoring, either: Though points hold the biggest weight in Game Score’s calculation,62 it accounts for a number of other statistics as well, including rebounds, assists, steals, turnovers and more.
So what might explain all of these individual statistical explosions sweeping across the league? And is it sustainable?
The easiest and most obvious answer to this recent uptick in top players’ raw output is that NBA offenses, as a whole, have never been better. The league’s collective offensive efficiency of 114.0 is the highest it’s been since at least the merger, as teams have moved to trim the fat out of their scoring diets, focusing on the choicest shots both inside and outside the 3-point arc. Outside of the occasional rule-breakers, NBA teams have found that winning basketball lies not just beyond the 3-point arc … but deep inside it, too.
According to Cleaning the Glass, teams are taking just 30.8 percent of their shots from the midrange, including just 9.4 percent from the long midrange, the latter of which is the lowest figure since at least the 2003-04 season. But it doesn’t appear as if the most recent uptick in offensive efficiency has been due to teams shooting more threes. Overall 3-point attempt rates have stabilized in 2023, but teams are taking a higher share of their attempts at the rim — and making more — than they did last season.
What that may mean for the NBA’s stars, then, is that they have had more room to operate and are using it to great effect. As The Athletic’s Mike Prada noted recently, the effect of the 3-point revolution hasn’t just been on threes, but on all the other shots that have gotten easier with defenses needing to focus on the arc. Stars are still getting the same shots they got in past seasons, but they’ve never been better optimized to convert them so efficiently.
From the lens of player usage, too, it seems apparent that teams are asking their stars to burn brighter than ever — a not-so-surprising development in the heliocentric age of basketball that we live in — to the tune of three of the 10 highest Game Scores since the merger coming during the first half of the 2022-23 season alone. Not coincidentally, Antetokounmpo, DonÄiÄ and Joel Embiid are on pace this season to own three of the 10 highest usage rates in modern NBA history, too.
Playing time may also help explain why someone like DonÄiÄ has excelled — he’s No. 2 in minutes per game played this season — but even he’s not playing absurdly high minutes by historical standards, as his mark of 37.4 wouldn’t crack the top 200 of minutes per game played this century. It’s more about what DonÄiÄ and players of his ilk are being asked to do within those minutes, and how many eye-popping numbers they continue to put up on a night-by-night basis.
Of course, it’s not at all clear that this surge of individual box score power correlates to helping a team win. One notable holdout to the age of heliocentrism, perennial MVP candidate Nikola JokiÄ, hasn’t quite caught the attention of the traditional stat-stuffing metrics this season. Despite leading the league in FiveThirtyEight’s RAPTOR wins above replacement, JokiÄ’s average Game Score comes in just a hair below 26.0 per game, well below the average for an NBA star this season. And the track record of teams built around high-usage superstars isn’t a great one. Michael Jordan, who posted a 34.7 percent usage rate (good for 43rd all time) during his 1992-93 season with the Chicago Bulls, is the highest-usage player to win a championship since the merger. So with three of the game’s preeminent stars posting otherworldly usage rates — DonÄiÄ and Antetokounmpo at 38.2 and Embiid at 38.0 — we’re about to get a real test of whether modern basketball’s extreme heliocentric model can finally win in 2023.
But on a certain level, perhaps none of that matters. As the saying goes, big box scores do not lie, and the NBA’s biggest stars have irrefutably treated us to the best collective leading performances in the league’s history so far this year. When a 48-point barrage at age 38 by arguably the greatest player of all time is treated as an afterthought, you know the bar for individual excellence has been raised.
Neil Paine contributed research.
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Petre Thomas / USA TODAY Sports via Reuters
Now in his fifth NBA season, Memphis Grizzlies forward Jaren Jackson Jr. has fully blossomed into the player the team envisioned he would be when it selected him with the No. 4 overall pick in the 2018 NBA draft. He’s averaging career highs in points and rebounds per minute, and setting new marks in scoring efficiency as well, with one of the league’s best true shooting percentages (.618).63
But Jackson isn’t known primarily for his offense. First and foremost, he is a full-fledged defensive monster, a player whose combination of size, length, agility and instincts is nearly unmatched leaguewide. It’s no accident that the Grizz ranked just 19th in the NBA in defensive rating before Jackson’s return from offseason foot surgery, according to NBA Advanced Stats, and are first by nearly 2 full points per 100 possessions since he got back.
It is also no accident that Jackson is, at the moment, the deserving front-runner to take home the Defensive Player of the Year trophy. But his candidacy for the award would follow a very different path than other winners from over the years, making him one of the most unique and interesting defensive anchors the league has seen in recent seasons.
Of course, in many ways, Jackson would be a pretty conventional DPOY winner. He’s the best defender on what is right now the best defensive team in the NBA, for example. The team with the league’s best defensive rating has produced seven previous DPOY winners, and the average rank in defensive rating for the eventual trophy-getter’s team has been 4.2. Not since Marcus Camby in 2007 has the winner come from a team ranked outside the top five in defensive rating, and that was one of only nine times in 40 seasons where that’s happened.
Jackson also leads the NBA in blocks per game (3.3) — or at least he would, if he qualified for per-game leaderboards. While the blocks leader hasn’t claimed the trophy since Dwight Howard in 2010, it used to happen fairly often before more advanced measurements of defense became popularized. One of those more advanced measurements is defensive estimated plus-minus, or defensive EPM, where the winner has ranked inside the top five in six of the past nine seasons. Jackson currently ranks first. The winner also has ranked inside the top 10 in defensive RAPTOR in eight of nine seasons, and Jackson currently ranks ninth.64
Like the archetypal DPOY winner of yore, Jackson is a hulking menace of a help defender, standing always at the ready to block, corral or otherwise deter opponents when they dare venture into the paint. According to Second Spectrum, 60 NBA players have provided support against 200 or more opponent drives so far this season. Jackson ranks first among that group in points allowed per possession when the play is finished by the driver or a teammate one pass away.
Among NBA players with at least 200 drives defended, fewest points allowed per direct drive in 2022-23
| Player | Team | Drives Defended | Pts/Direct Drive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jaren Jackson Jr. | Grizzlies | 230 | 0.815 |
| Nic Claxton | Nets | 369 | 0.832 |
| Giannis Antetokounmpo | Bucks | 222 | 0.833 |
| John Collins | Hawks | 203 | 0.843 |
| Isaiah Hartenstein | Knicks | 433 | 0.855 |
| Draymond Green | Warriors | 332 | 0.861 |
| Bismack Biyombo | Suns | 240 | 0.868 |
| Joel Embiid | 76ers | 627 | 0.881 |
| Brandon Clarke | Grizzlies | 240 | 0.881 |
| Mitchell Robinson | Knicks | 463 | 0.909 |
His timing as a shot-blocker is outstanding, and bordering on surreal. He makes ridiculous plays look routine, with stunning regularity:
Jackson led the NBA with a 7.4 percent block rate last season, but is absolutely demolishing that mark this year by swatting away 11.3 (ELEVEN POINT THREE!) percent of opponent 2-point shot attempts while on the floor. He doesn’t yet qualify for league leaderboards, but considering Nic Claxton is currently the NBA “leader” with the block rate of a mere mortal at 8 percent, it’s safe to say that once Jackson does qualify (which should happen within the next couple of weeks), he will again take residence atop the list. He’s fresh off blocking five shots in each end of a back-to-back against the Jazz and Spurs, and entered Wednesday having blocked at least three in six consecutive games.
There are, however, several reasons that Jackson actually claiming the hardware at the end of the season would be highly unusual.
First, there’s his age. The average Defensive Player of the Year has been 27.6 years old, while Jackson is only in his age-23 season.65 If he were to win the award, he’d tie Kawhi Leonard (2014-15), Dwight Howard (2008-09) and Alvin Robertson (1985-86) as the youngest Defensive Player of the Year in history.66
Next, there’s his availability. Jackson sat out Memphis’s first 14 games of the season while recovering from the aforementioned foot surgery, and has sat out twice more since then. Even if he were to play in every Grizzlies game for the rest of the year, he would then have played in 80.5 percent of possible games. The average DPOY has appeared in 94 percent of his team’s games, with only Leonard in 2015 (78 percent) and Rudy Gobert in 2018 (68.3 percent) failing to crack the 80 percent mark.
Finally, there’s his minutes load. The average historical Defensive Player of the Year has been on the court for 35.1 minutes per game. Jackson’s mere 26.3 minutes per game average would be by far the lowest for any player awarded this trophy. Not since Dennis Rodman got 29.0 minutes of per-game floor time in 1990 has a DPOY played fewer than 30 minutes a night, and the only other time it has happened was in 1987, when Michael Cooper played 27.5 per game.
One of several reasons Jackson’s playing time is so low is because of his pesky foul habit. He’s been whistled for 3.0 rule-violations per game despite his light workload — an extremely high figure. It would be a rarity for a player to foul so often and still win Defensive Player of the Year.
The award has been handed out 40 times, and only once has the victor fouled more often per minute than Jackson. (Dennis Rodman fouled 4.2 times per 36 minutes during the 1989-90 season, while Jackson is at 4.1 per 36 this year.) Even accounting for pace of play, just two prior Defensive Players of the Year have fouled more often on a per-possession basis than Jackson has so far this season (5.4 per 100 possessions): Rodman in 1989-90 (5.9 per 100) and Alonzo Mourning in 1999-2000 (6.0 per 100).
It makes a lot of sense that this would be the case. Fouls are damaging not just because they can result in the offending player being taken off the floor, but because they give opponents their easiest opportunities for points. Sending a player to the line for free shots is just about the worst thing a defender can do on any given possession. A player who fouls as often as Jackson thus has to provide a ton of value outside of those violations just to avoid being a negative defender, let alone one of the best in the NBA. Luckily for the Grizzlies, Jackson does just that — and not just with his shot-blocking.
He’s one of the most effective defenders against the league’s favorite tactic. Opponents have managed just 0.886 points per play on pick and rolls where Jackson defended the screener and the play was finished by the ball handler or a teammate one pass away, according to Second Spectrum. That ranks in the 91st percentile among the 113 players who have defended 200 ball screens or more. His athleticism allows him to handle perimeter players in space, and his size and length make it difficult for them to access the paint and especially the rim. Using his man to set a screen away from the ball isn’t any more fruitful: He ranks in the 92nd percentile among 79 players who have defended 200 or more off-ball picks.
Trying to score on Jackson in isolation? Again, he is among the top 10 percent of defenders who have defended 40 or more of them this season. Want to test him at the basket? Best of luck. There are 113 players who have challenged at least 3 shots per game, according to NBA Advanced Stats, and Jackson ranks first among that group in field goal percentage allowed (41.5 percent) when within 5 feet of both the shooter and the rim. The next-closest player is Draymond Green, more than 6 percentage points away.
The big question with Jackson at this point is whether he can stay healthy. Last season was ironically his best yet from a health standpoint, as he played 78 of 82 games. But foot injuries (like the stress fracture for which he required surgery following said season) traditionally do not pair well with players of Jackson’s size (he’s listed at 6-foot-11), and he’s also dealt with multiple knee issues, including a torn meniscus. His activity level and somewhat slight frame will likely always be cause for concern, especially given his history.
Long-term, that might be an issue the Grizzlies have to reckon with. In the immediate and near future, though, Jackson’s game-changing presence as a defender helps solidify his team as one of the league’s elite — and it puts him in the driver’s seat to win an award not many players with his experience or resume can say they’ve placed in the trophy case.
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PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY DAN DAO / GETTY IMAGES
Nikola JokiÄ has a tendency to make the spectacular look mundane. Take this play during the third quarter of a recent game against the Boston Celtics, just one of the 40,904 passes he’s slung as a member of the Denver Nuggets. With a running start near the top of the key, JokiÄ took one brisk dribble into the paint, left his feet, twirled and fired a short overhead feed to a cutting Michael Porter Jr., who scored through contact to extend the Denver lead to 13.
It also epitomized the unorthodox brilliance of JokiÄ: A 6-foot-11, lumbering giant of basketball who dominates the game as a generational scorer and passer without needing the ball in his hands for more than a split second. And with his Nuggets finally sporting a clean bill of health and built to contend for the Western Conference crown, JokiÄ has a strong claim to going only where Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain and Larry Bird have gone, by bringing home a third consecutive MVP — voter fatigue be damned.
Let’s start with the topline numbers, which might not immediately scream “MVP.” The Joker is averaging 25.6 points, 10.8 rebounds and 9.5 assists per game, of which only his assists are a marked improvement over his lofty MVP standards, while shooting 62 percent from the field, 35 percent from 3-point range and 81 percent from the free-throw line. But the advanced stats, as they have been wont to do with JokiÄ, paint a rosier picture: According to FiveThirtyEight’s NBA player ratings, JokiÄ is second in offensive RAPTOR, third in defensive RAPTOR and leads the league in both total RAPTOR and RAPTOR wins above replacement. He’s also third in the league in true shooting percentage, thanks in large part to a career-best 66 percent mark from 2-point range.
Most RAPTOR wins above replacement among NBA players, 2022-23 season
| Player | Team | Minutes | Offense | Defense | Total | WAR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nikola Jokic | DEN | 1143 | +9.8 | +4.8 | +14.6 | 10.29 |
| Luka Doncic | DAL | 1296 | 11.2 | -1.0 | 10.2 | 8.60 |
| Kevin Durant | BRK | 1296 | 5.2 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 5.97 |
| Donovan Mitchell | CLE | 1248 | 6.3 | -0.8 | 5.5 | 5.26 |
| Tyrese Haliburton | IND | 1201 | 7.4 | -1.7 | 5.7 | 5.18 |
| Anthony Davis | LAL | 836 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 9.3 | 5.16 |
| Stephen Curry | GSW | 894 | 8.9 | -0.9 | 8.0 | 4.97 |
| Jayson Tatum | BOS | 1291 | 5.5 | -0.9 | 4.6 | 4.85 |
| Joel Embiid | PHI | 993 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 4.83 |
| Paul George | LAC | 1004 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 6.4 | 4.71 |
But perhaps more impressive and groundbreaking than JokiÄ’s numbers is just how he’s coming about them — and that’s at the heart of his post-postscript MVP case. The Joker is having one of the best “invisible” all-around seasons ever, as he’s just one of three players to average at least 25 points and eight assists per game with a usage rate of less than 30 percent. Throw in a true-shooting mark of 68.7 percent, good for third-best in the NBA, and you have arguably the most quietly lethal offensive season of the modern era:
NBA players who averaged at least 25 points and eight assists per game with a usage rate of less than 30 percent, 1968-2023
| Season | Player | Team | PPG | USG% | APG | TS% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | Nikola JokiÄ | DEN | 25.6 | 28.5 | 9.5 | 68.7 |
| 2020-21 | Nikola JokiÄ | DEN | 26.4 | 29.6 | 8.3 | 64.7 |
| 2016-17 | LeBron James | CLE | 26.4 | 30.0 | 8.7 | 61.9 |
| 1990-91 | Michael Adams | DEN | 26.5 | 28.5 | 10.5 | 53.0 |
JokiÄ’s case for basketball immortality also flies in the face of the NBA’s turn toward “heliocentrism,” wherein one player has come to dominate more and more of his team’s possessions. Compare JokiÄ’s usage rate of 28.5 percent to that of the Dallas Mavericks’ Luka DonÄiÄ, who sports an absurdly high usage rate of 38.4 percent and is one of the front-runners for this season’s MVP. And somehow, that’s not even the league-leading figure, as two-time MVP Giannis Antetokounmpo boasts a usage rate of 38.6 percent. In fact, JokiÄ ranks 24th in usage this season, behind a bevy of MVP contenders and even second fiddles such as Boston forward Jaylen Brown.
As it stands, despite his otherworldly impact on the basketball court, JokiÄ would become the least heliocentric MVP (according to usage rate) since Tim Duncan in 2002-03:
NBA MVP award winners since the 1999-2000 season by usage rate, plus Nikola JokiÄ’s 2022-23 season
| Season | Player | Team | USG% | TS% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-17 | Russell Westbrook | OKC | 41.7 | 55.4 |
| 2019-20 | Giannis Antetokounmpo | MIL | 37.5 | 61.3 |
| 2017-18 | James Harden | HOU | 36.1 | 61.9 |
| 2000-01 | Allen Iverson | PHI | 35.9 | 51.8 |
| 2008-09 | LeBron James | CLE | 33.8 | 59.1 |
| 2009-10 | LeBron James | CLE | 33.5 | 60.4 |
| 2013-14 | Kevin Durant | OKC | 33.0 | 63.5 |
| 2015-16 | Stephen Curry | GSW | 32.6 | 66.9 |
| 2018-19 | Giannis Antetokounmpo | MIL | 32.3 | 64.4 |
| 2010-11 | Derrick Rose | CHI | 32.2 | 55.0 |
| 2011-12 | LeBron James | MIA | 32.0 | 60.5 |
| 2021-22 | Nikola JokiÄ | DEN | 31.9 | 66.1 |
| 2007-08 | Kobe Bryant | LAL | 31.4 | 57.6 |
| 1999-00 | Shaquille O’Neal | LAL | 31.2 | 57.8 |
| 2012-13 | LeBron James | MIA | 30.2 | 64.0 |
| 2020-21 | Nikola JokiÄ | DEN | 29.6 | 64.7 |
| 2003-04 | Kevin Garnett | MIN | 29.6 | 54.7 |
| 2001-02 | Tim Duncan | SAS | 29.0 | 57.6 |
| 2014-15 | Stephen Curry | GSW | 28.9 | 63.8 |
| 2006-07 | Dirk Nowitzki | DAL | 28.9 | 60.5 |
| 2022-23 | Nikola JokiÄ | DEN | 28.5 | 68.7 |
| 2002-03 | Tim Duncan | SAS | 28.0 | 56.4 |
| 2005-06 | Steve Nash | PHO | 23.3 | 63.2 |
| 2004-05 | Steve Nash | PHO | 20.5 | 60.6 |
Now, “invisible” might seem like an odd adjective to describe one of the most immovable and impactful figures in the NBA — and when you watch the Nuggets play, JokiÄ is very much the proverbial sun around which the Nuggets offense revolves. With the Joker on the floor, Denver has an offensive rating of 122.7, equivalent not only to the best NBA offense this season, but the greatest offense in recorded history. With JokiÄ off the court, however, Denver’s offensive rating falls to a ghastly 101.6, which would be dead last in the NBA this season and the worst figure since the 2015-16 season. The impact is felt on defense, too, where the Nuggets are 3.2 points per 100 possessions worse with JokiÄ off the court vs. on. So though the Nuggets may not appear heliocentric, their sun is as important to his team’s ecosystem as any celestial body in the NBA universe, even as he emits seemingly duller rays than DonÄiÄ, Antetokounmpo or vintage James Harden.
But how does JokiÄ exactly manage to command an all-time great squad when his workload doesn’t appear to be as great as those stars? One illustration lies in how long he holds the ball — and what he does when he has it. According to NBA Advanced Stats, JokiÄ averages 100 touches per game, the most in the league this season, but his average time per touch ranks just 69th out of 103 players who average at least 30 minutes per game. Moreover, unlike assist rivals like Trae Young and DonÄiÄ, who average 5.70 and 5.64 dribbles per touch, JokiÄ doesn’t pound the air out of the ball, averaging just 1.41 dribbles per touch. That number is right next to those of players like Buddy Hield and De’Andre Hunter, both of whom are below-average passers for their position — not the company we would expect arguably the greatest passer of all time to keep.
In other words, JokiÄ sees and processes the game so quickly that he doesn’t need to take much time deciding what to do. Which might be why, among the 117 players with 1,500 or more touches this season, JokiÄ has generated the most points per chance (1.143). And as Ben Taylor of Thinking Basketball argued in a recent breakdown, what makes JokiÄ such a great passer isn’t just his preternatural vision, but the subtle elements of his throws that squeeze every last bit of offensive potential out of their receiver. JokiÄ will twist the ball into angles you didn’t know existed, through windows that you didn’t know were open and along alleyways that seem like graveyards for possessions. And, of course, even if you shut down those thoroughfares, you have to account for his capacity to make the most maddening shot in NBA history: the “Sombor Shuffle.”
None of the two-time MVP’s nonconformist skills, of course, are new to NBA fans. But what is a welcome development in the Mile High City this season is the growth of JokiÄ’s supporting cast. After more than a season of missing action after a torn ACL, Jamal Murray is ramping back into the form he displayed during multiple playoff runs as JokiÄ’s right-hand man. Upgrades at the wing position and the growth of young players like Bones Hyland offer room for optimism as well — though the aforementioned non-JokiÄ minutes continue to plague Denver. All of that has led to perhaps the feather in the cap of JokiÄ’s MVP case: the Nuggets’ current perch atop the West. (As of now, FiveThirtyEight’s model projects Denver to wind up with the second-best record in the West, behind the Memphis Grizzlies.)
There’s a good reason why JokiÄ might not climb the MVP mountain for the third straight season, even if he keeps up his torrid pace through April. Voter fatigue is a real thing, and heading into the 2022-23 NBA season, few prognosticators thought JokiÄ could be even better than he was in his first two award-winning seasons — thought to be a prerequisite for three-peating. And yet, there’s the Joker, back in the thick of the race for the Greatest Player on Earth, shuffling and barely dribbling at the high post as he slow-cooks another defense. No, you’re not “lazy,” as Nuggets coach Michael Malone put it recently, if you want new blood for the award. You just might not see the most invisible superstar in the NBA.
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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TIM NWACHUKWU / GETTY IMAGES
After a come-from-behind victory over the Toronto Raptors on Wednesday night, the Sacramento Kings — yes, the Kings — have a 15-12 record, tied for the 11th-best mark in the NBA. Sacramento’s record is backed up by its point differential, and there are even indications that its performance to date has been better than 11th-best: The Kings have the league’s eighth-best scoring margin when adjusting for pace and for opponent strength.
It wouldn’t normally be all that notable when a team looks pretty good about a quarter of the way through the NBA season, but the Kings currently own not just the league’s longest active playoff drought (16 seasons), but also the longest drought in NBA history. So, any sign that the streak might be coming to an end is worth investigating.
To that end, our RAPTOR-based prediction model now gives the Kings a 49 percent chance of making the playoffs.67 That’s up from 13 percent in the preseason model, and the 36 percentage point jump is the largest for any team so far this season. Sacramento’s projected record of 42-40 is 11 wins better than its preseason projection, and its plus-0.5 projected per-game point differential is up 4.1 points. Both of those figures are also the most-improved in the league to date.
The Kings have gotten here largely on the strength of their offense, which ranks sixth in the NBA in points per 100 possessions. Said offense has been powered by star-level performances from De’Aaron Fox and Domantas Sabonis, who this year — finally, at long last — are surrounded by a wave of 3-point snipers.
As we noted in our free-agency round-up this summer:
The Sacramento Kings went out and got two sharpshooters to supplement their De’Aaron Fox-Domantas Sabonis combination. One is Malik Monk, who used a strong contract run with the Lakers to secure himself a two-year deal and reunite with Fox, his former college teammate at Kentucky. Monk emerged as a good small-man pick-and-roll screener last season alongside LeBron James, and while the Kings don’t have anybody like LeBron (duh), Sacramento should be able to leverage Monk’s shooting to provide driving space for Fox and to make sweet dribble-hand-off music with Sabonis. The other is former Hawk Kevin Huerter, who figures to slide into the starting lineup and play a similar role to the one he had in Atlanta.
That’s indeed how things have played out for those two players (more on them in a minute), but it’s notable that they’re not alone in letting it fly from the outside. Fox arrived in Sacramento in 2017, and prior to this year, the Kings never had more than two players attempt at least six threes per 36 minutes in a season during his tenure.68 So far this season, they have six such players — including Fox himself — and that sextet has connected on a combined 37.1 percent of its attempts from beyond the arc. (This is despite Monk shooting only 35 percent after a recent cold stretch, compared with his 40.1 and 39.1 percent marks in each of the past two seasons.)
Sacramento Kings players with 6.0 or more 3-point attempts per 36 minutes in a season since 2017-18
| Season | Player | 3PA/36 | 3P% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | Kevin Huerter | 7.9 | 41.0% |
| 2022-23 | Terence Davis | 10.5 | 38.5 |
| 2022-23 | De’Aaron Fox | 6.0 | 36.2 |
| 2022-23 | Keegan Murray | 7.5 | 35.8 |
| 2022-23 | Malik Monk | 9.3 | 35.0 |
| 2022-23 | Trey Lyles | 8.4 | 33.8 |
| 2021-22 | Buddy Hield | 11.3 | 36.8 |
| 2020-21 | Tyrese Haliburton | 6.1 | 40.9 |
| 2020-21 | Buddy Hield | 10.7 | 39.1 |
| 2019-20 | Buddy Hield | 11.2 | 39.4 |
| 2019-20 | Bogdan BogdanoviÄ | 9.0 | 37.2 |
| 2018-19 | Buddy Hield | 9.0 | 42.7 |
| 2018-19 | Bogdan BogdanoviÄ | 6.9 | 36.0 |
| 2017-18 | Buddy Hield | 7.3 | 43.1 |
Having the extra space to operate in has made Fox a more effective driver. Among the 51 players averaging at least 10 forays per game, according to NBA Advanced Stats, Fox ranks seventh in field-goal percentage off of drives (57.2 percent). That’s a career-best mark, and up more than 5 percentage points from last season. And Fox hasn’t just been shooting more effectively; he’s also making better shoot-pass decisions when he gets into or near the paint.
Speedy guards tend to reach a point in their careers where they realize they don’t have to go full-bore all the time, and are better off modulating to keep defenders off balance. To say Fox first reached that point this season would be false; he’s been adjusting his speed for years now. But he appears to have better control of the speedometer than ever before, as well as a better handle on when to put the pedal to the metal and when to ease off a bit.
The Kings play at the NBA’s fifth-fastest pace, but according to Second Spectrum, no team in the league has gotten the ball over the half-court line faster on an average possession (3.75 seconds), which in turn has meant that no team in the league has seen opposing defenses pick up their lead ball handler closer to the rim (35 feet, nearly 3½ feet closer than the league average). The closer you are to the basket, the easier it is to score — or at least to threaten an easy score, draw help and then spray the ball to one of the aforementioned shooters dotting the perimeter.
On half-court possessions, the Kings also have the benefit of being able to throw the ball down to Sabonis on the block, where he is absolutely bulldozing opponents. During the player-tracking era (which began with the 2013-14 season), there have been 592 instances of a player posting up at least 100 times in a given campaign. Among that group, Sabonis’ post-ups this season have yielded the fourth-most points per possession (1.355).
Monk told The Ringer’s Michael Pina that Sabonis, “actually looks to pass first, more than normal,” when in the post. “More than he should, sometimes. That’s what makes him so hard to guard.” Not that it should be surprising, but Monk is dead on when analyzing his teammate’s post-up tendencies. Among the same group of 592 players, Sabonis’s rate of 0.373 passes per direct post-up69 ranks 32nd, just outside the top 5 percent.
Sabonis told Pina that the team’s efforts to surround him and Fox with shooting have made life easier in the post. “If they double-team me, it’s easier for me to kick out and [they] knock it down. Then they’re [also] more worried to double.” Sacramento has scored a ridiculous 1.418 points per possession when Sabonis passes out of the post, a rate that ranks 14th out of the 360 instances in the past decade where a player has thrown at least 50 post-up passes.
Sabonis also operates as a dribble hand-off hub for Sacramento, which gets more out of that action than any team in the NBA. The Kings have scored 877 points out of hand-offs this season, per Second Spectrum, 248 more than the next-closest team. The distance between them and the second-place Utah Jazz is greater than the distance between the Jazz and the 25th-place Boston Celtics. It helps that Sacramento has three high-level options with whom Sabonis can pair on those plays: Huerter leads the league in points off dribble hand-offs, while Monk is second and Fox is 24th. Those duos rank first (Sabonis-Huerter), third (Sabonis-Monk) and fifth (Sabonis-Fox) in points generated out of their hand-off plays.
Whether designed or freelanced, Sabonis has excellent feel for how to navigate these actions, and his partners are able to take advantage of the space he creates for them with the screens he sets while handing them the ball.
It’s a credit to new coach Mike Brown (the team’s 12th head man since its last playoff appearance) that things have flowed so seamlessly for the Kings on that end of the floor while they’ve incorporated multiple new pieces, including a rookie starter in Keegan Murray. (And that Brown has kept Harrison Barnes fully engaged despite a reduced role.) They can get away from Sabonis at times (his 19.9 percent usage rate is his lowest mark since his rookie season, when he often looked actively terrified of what Russell Westbrook would do if Sabonis took a shot), and both Fox and Monk can get a little bit trigger-happy looking for their shot. But everything seems to be geared around taking advantage of each player’s inherent strengths, and those strengths are complementary. That’s a recipe for a very good offense.
The Kings still need work in the point-prevention department, but it’s at least encouraging that they rank 17th in defensive efficiency. That’s certainly better than could have reasonably been expected coming into the season — Sacramento ranked 27th last year — and it’s notable that opponents have actually outperformed their expected shooting efficiency (based on shot location, defender location and other factors included in Second Spectrum’s algorithm) by the league’s fifth-largest margin to date, so there is room for improvement even if the Kings don’t qualitatively defend any better. Sacramento is unlikely to ever field a top-10 defense given its personnel, but if the Kings can remain around a league-average unit (or even slightly below), their suddenly dangerous offense is enough to have them in the mix for a play-in spot all year long.
Check out our latest NBA predictions.
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